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1

Koncepcja integracji ogrodu miejskiego w Rzeszowie z przestrzenią publiczną starego miasta

Piekarski M., Prokopska A., Gotkowska E., Prokop A.

Czasopismo Inżynierii Lądowej, Środowiska i Architektury / Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture

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2017

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z. 64, nr 3/II

257--272

PL

Opracowanie przedstawia koncepcję przedłużenia traktu spacerowego, obejmującego Rynek, ulice Kościuszki i 3-go Maja oraz aleje Lubomirskich i Pod Kasztanami w Rzeszowie, w kierunku Ogrodu Miejskiego przy ul. Dąbrowskiego. Koncepcję opracowano w celu włączenia do jednolitego obszaru przestrzeni publicznej mało eksponowanych obszarów o wybitnych w skali Rzeszowa wartościach architektonicznych, historycznych i przyrodniczych. Trasę nowoprojektowanego traktu spacerowego przewiduje się poprowadzić wzdłuż ulicy Kraszewskiego, a po przekroczeniu ul. Unii Lubelskiej prostopadle do ulicy Reformackiej, i dalej prosto w kierunku Ogrodu Miejskiego. W pracy dokonano analizy Ogrodu Miejskiego oraz najbardziej znaczących obiektów położonych wzdłuż projektowanego odcinka szlaku spacerowego. Zwrócono uwagę na możliwości wykorzystania ich walorów dla realizacji istotnych funkcji przestrzeni publicznej. Przedstawiono plan niezbędnych zmian w przestrzeni architektonicznej, wraz z propozycjami konkretnych rozwiązań w tym zakresie. Przedłożono propozycję osłabienia przeszkody na trasie traktu, jaką stanowi ruchliwa ul. Lisa-Kuli, proponując przeniesienie części ruchu samochodowego do tunelu wybudowanego pod obecną jezdnią, a tym samym przywrócenie ulicy jej pierwotnej skali urbanistycznej. Wymienione propozycje zostały zaprezentowane w opracowaniach urbanistycznych oraz rysunkach wizualizacyjnych. Projekt przedłużenia traktu spacerowego w obszarze historycznego centrum, wychodzi naprzeciw potrzebom miasta Rzeszowa. W mieście występuje deficyt właściwie zagospodarowanej przestrzeni publicznej, odpowiedniej dla realizacji aktywności społecznej mieszkańców oraz kształtującej ich tożsamość i poczucie przynależności do lokalnej społeczności.

EN

The paper presents the concept of broadening the space of social activity in Rzeszów, which includes the Rynek, Kosciuszko and May 3 streets, as well as the Lubomirskich and Pod Kasztanami alleys, by incorporating into it the Municipal Garden on the Dąbrowskiego street and connecting these two zones by walking trail. The concept has been developed in the aim of including to the area of heavily exploited public space, poorly noticeable and near areas, characterized by a similar cultural landscape.The route of the designed walking trail is planned to be run along Kraszewski Street, and after crossing Unii Lubelskiej street, perpendicularly to Reformacka Street, and next straight ahead towards Municipal Garden. The Municipal Garden has been analysed in the work, including its social role in the past, infrastructural transformations and the natural and landscape values that it presents nowadays. The article presents a list of plans for changes in the urban space of Rzeszów, aimed at incorporating the Municipal Garden into a homogenous public space. The key element of the project is the weakening of the pedestrian and bicycle obstacle of Lisa-Kuli street, by transferring part of the car traffic to a tunnel built under the existing carriageway. The project of extending the walking route in the area of the historic centre meets he needs of the city of Rzeszów. Due to development in recent decades and an increase in the number of inhabitants, the city suffers from a deficit of public space, suitable for the realization of inhabitants’ social activity, and shaping of their identity and sense of belonging to the local community.

2

Removal of selected anions by raw halloysite and smectite clay

Prokop A., Maziarz P., Matusik J.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2015

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Vol. 41, no. 1

125--126

EN

The structure of clay minerals consists of tetrahedral and octahedral sheets, which can form 1:1, 2:1, and 2:1:1 layers. The halloysite, which belongs to the kaolin group, is composed of 1:1 layers while smectite group minerals contains 2:1 dioctahedral layer. The presence of numerous active centers on mineral surfaces and/or in the interlayer spaces allows them to attract and exchange ions from aqueous solutions. This makes them suitable for removal of harmful/toxic ions such as P(V), As(V), and Cr(VI) (Mozgawa et al. 2011, Matusik 2014) or Pb(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), and Cu(II) (Bhattacharyya & Gupta 2008, Matusik & Wcisło 2014) from wastewaters. The aim of this work was to examine the sorption capacity of natural halloysite and smectite clay towards P(V), As(V), and Cr(VI).Two samples used in this study were collected from Polish deposits. Natural halloysite (H) was obtained from Dunino deposit (located near Legnica in SW Poland), while smectite clay (SC) was obtained from Bełchatów Lignine Mine where it forms an overburden cover. For both raw samples the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and infrared absorption (FTIR) spectra were collected. The sorption of P(V), As(V), and Cr(VI) was conducted as a function of anions concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 50 mmol/L for initial pH of 5 in a single−element system. The suspension of H or SC and corresponding aqueous solution (solid/solution ratio: 20 g/L) was shaken for 24 h at 25°C. Afterwards the anions concentration in the supernatant solution was measured using colorimetric methods. The P(V) and As(V) concentration was determined with the molybdenum blue method, whereas Cr(VI) concentration was measured with diphenylcarbazide method. The XRD pattern of the H sample showed a basal peak at 7.20 Å, which confirms the presence of dehydrated halloysite (7 Å). In turn, the SC exhibited a peak centered at ~12.5 Å with an asymmetric profile starting from ~15.0 Å. Such ref lection suggests the presence of smectite which has both Na+and Ca2+cations in its interlayer space. The IR spectra of the H showed bands specific for kaolin group minerals related to the OH-stretching region (3700−3620 cm−1), vibrations of water molecules (~1630 cm−1) and bands associated with stretching and bending vibrations of aluminosilicate framework (1200−400 cm−1). The IR spectrum of SC showed bands specific for smectite minerals; i.e. 3623 cm−1band attributed to OH hydroxyl located inside the 2:1 layer, and broad band centered at ~3400 cm−1due to interlayer water surrounding cations. Also the structural vibrations of the 2:1 layer were observed in the 1200−400 cm−1 region.The results of the experiment indicated that the sorption capacity of both H and SC samples was relatively high. The highest uptake of P(V) was measured for both materials and it was equal to 201 and 256 mmol/kg, respectively for H and SC. The sorption capacity of H and SC towards As(V) was 168 and 96 mmol/kg, respectively. The 126 sorption of Cr(VI) by H and SC equaled 36 and 104 mmol/kg, respectively. The sorption isotherms were fitted to the Freundlich model (Freundlich 1906) with an exception of P(V) which sorption on H sample was described by Langmuir model (Langmuir 1916). The specific surface areas (SBET) of studied materials were similar: H = 49.52 m2/g and SC = 69.10 m2/g. The sorption centers that may attract anions in both H and SC samples were limited due to isomorphic substitutions in tetrahedral and/or octahedral sheets. This will generate positively charged sites and attract cations rather than anions. It is believed that the mechanism responsible for the adsorption of anions on both materials is mainly surface complexation at t he crystals edges (Bradl 2004). The sorption capacity of H and SC samples was lower than that reported for hydrotalcite − based anion − exchange materials (HTLc). For comparison, the sorption capacity towards P(V), As(V) and Cr(VI) on uncalcined HTLc was 498 mmol/kg (Kuzawa et al. 2006), 596 mmol/kg (Wu et al. 2013) and 314 mmol/kg (Alvarez-Ayuso & Nugteren 2005), respectively. Nevertheless, the examined mineral samples might be used as sorbents for industrial wastewater treatment involving removal of P(V) and As(V).

3

A comparative study on the removal of Pb(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) and As(V) by natural, acid activated and calcinated halloysite

Maziarz P., Prokop A., Matusik J.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2015

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Vol. 41, no. 1

108--109

EN

With the intensive development of the global industry trace elements like lead, zinc, cadmium and arsenic spread and infiltrate into soil and water, what results in contamination. Clay minerals play an important role in the environment as natural adsorbents. This is, due to their ability of attracting and accumulating ions from water solutions by their structure, what leads to their immobilization. Halloysite is a clay mineral, belonging to the kaolin group minerals. Its structure is composed of stacked 1:1 layers built from octahedral (alumina) and tetrahedral (silica) sheets. Due to the fact that Poland has several kaolin deposits it is important to undertake research concerning possibility of using them as a natural scavenger of pollutants (Matusik & Bajda 2013, Matusik & Wścisło 2014). Thus, the purpose of the research was to investigate the sorption affinity of natural, acid activated and calcinated halloysite toward Pb(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) and As(V). In the study three mineral samples were chosen: natural halloysite – H, acid activated halloysite – HA and calcinated halloysite – HC. The H sample used in the study came from Polish deposit located in Dunino near Legnica which is owned and exploited by the Intermark Company. The last two samples are produced by Intermark on an industrial scale, by modifying H sample. The chemical activation of halloysite was carried out by sulphuric acid treatment at 100°C for 3 h, whereas the calcination temperature was 650°C. The materials were characterized using XRD and FTIR methods. Additionally the cation exchange capacity (CEC) and specific surface area (SBET) were measured. The CEC of tested materials were measured by adsorption of methylene blue. The SBET was determined on the basis of the low temperature nitrogen adsorption isotherm measured at −196°C and calculated in accordance with the Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) methodology. The materials sorption affinity towards Pb(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) and As(V) was investigated. Experiments were carried out at pH 5. After mixing 50 mg of each material with 2.5 ml of appropriate solution (20 g/L – solid/solution ratio), sample portions were shaken for 24 h at room temperature. The concentration of metals – Pb(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) in supernatant solutions was determined using AAS method while the As(V) was measured using colorimetric molybdenum blue method. The XRD pattern of the H sample showed a basal peak at 7.20 Å, which is attributed to dehydrated halloysite-7(Å). There were no significant changes in the XRD pattern of HC sample, which indicated that there were no significant changes in the clay structure due to calcination. In contrast, the XRD pattern of HA sample showed a decrease in intensity of ~7.20 Å peak of halloysite and the appearance of new peak at 7.63 Å was observed. Also, there were changes in the 19–25° 2θ region, what is an effect of structural disorder caused by sulfuric acid treatment. It is worth notifying that the FTIR spectra of H and HC samples did not differ significantly. In turn, the bands changes for the HA are noticeable, which is in accordance with XRD results. After acid treatment the bands shape and intensity in 1300–1000 cm−1 region has changed indicating structural disorder of tetrahedral sheet. The spectra revealed that, the octahedral sheet and OH hydroxyls were not significantly altered by acid treatment. The HA sample exhibited the largest SBET(171. 6 m2/g) while the SBET for the H sample was the lowest (49.5 m2/g). The calcination led to slight increase of SBET value to 52.1 m2/g in com-parison to the H sample. The CEC results showed that differences between H (8.79 ± 0.1 meq/100 g) and HC (8.19 ± 0.2 meq/100 g) samples are insignificant, moreover the CEC of H sample is slightly higher. Such decrease can be explained by the loss of some the cation exchange sites, induced by heat treatment (Ho & Handy 1964). The increase in CEC value was observed for the HA sample (10.69 ± 0.5 meq/100 g). Sorption mechanism for raw halloysite can take place via ion-exchange and surface complexation through silanol Si-OH and aluminol Al-OH groups. The Pb(II) ions are more likely to hydrolyze and create PbOH+ forms, which may link to deprotonated groups. This process is called surface complexation. Heavy metals such as Zn(II) and Cd(II) tend to adsorb through ion-exchange (Srivastava et al. 2005). The sorption capacity for H sample was found to follow the sequence As(V) > Pb(II) > Cd(II) > Zn(II). In the case of cations, this behavior reflects the cations hydrolysis constants, which are equal to 7.71, 10.08, and 8.96 respectively. The sorption ca-pacity for H sample reached 168.4 mmol As/kg, 37.2 mmol Pb/kg, 3.7 mmol Cd/kg and 1.9 mmol Zn/kg. The sorption onto HC sample was found to be the following: Pb(II) ≈ Zn(II) > Cd(II) > As(V). Comparing sorption results for HC to the results for H sample, the increase of sorption for all tested heavy metals was observed. The sorption of cations reached an equilibrium equal to: 219 mmol Pb/kg, 212 mmol Zn/kg and 134 mmol Cd/kg. The sorption of As(V) decreased slightly in com-parison to H sample. The acid activation resulted in an increase of active sites capable for Pb(II) adsorption and a decrease of active sites responsible for As(V) adsorption. Sorption equilibrium reached 235 mmol Pb/kg and 66 mmol As/kg. The results obtained for Zn(II) and Cd(II) indicated that sorption was not observed which may be due to lack of ion-exchange sites. The explanation of this behavior requires further studies. It is was worth to underline the highest sorption capacity of H sample towards As(V) which is most likely due to surface complexation. The results indicated that depending on the type of pollutants an appropriate type of halloysite-based sorbent needs to be chosen.

4

Południowa Obwodnica Warszawy z tunelem pod Ursynowem

Prokop A.

Geoinżynieria : drogi, mosty, tunele

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2015

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nr 1

71

PL

Niebawem poznamy wykonawców trzech zadań, na które została podzielona budowa Południowej Obwodnicy Warszawy na odcinku pomiędzy w. Puławska a w. Lubelska. Realizacja inwestycji obejmującej ponad 18-kilometrową trasę potrwa od 2016 do 2019 r., a jej szacunkowy koszt to blisko 7 mld zł.

5

Drogi o nawierzchniach betonowych

Prokop A.

Geoinżynieria : drogi, mosty, tunele

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2015

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nr 1

66-69

PL

Z 1500 km szybkich tras, jakie planowane są do budowy w latach 2014–2023, około 810 km ma powstać w technologii betonowej, rzadko dotychczas w Polsce stosowanej.

EN

Of 1,500 km of expressways planned to be built between 2014 and 2023, around 810 km is to be based on the so far rare in Poland concrete technology. The advantages of such technology include high durability, low operating costs, greater security because of light colour and better visibility in bad weather, when driving at dusk or at night, as well as lower lighting cost. But are Polish contractors ready for an increasing role of concrete in road construction?

6

Competitive sorption of selected anions on modified halloysite

Prokop A., Matusik J.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2014

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Vol. 40, no. 1

118--119

EN

Halloysite is a polytype of kaolinite exhibiting a 1:1 layered structure with the chemical composition of Al4Si4O10(OH)8. Synthesis of new materials based on kaolinites has received wide attention recently (e.g. Dedzo et al. 2012). Soluble forms of chromium, arsenic and phosphorus found in excessive amounts in waters are toxic and/or carcinogenic and may cause health problems. Thus, the aim of this work was to investigate the sorption of aqueous Cr(VI), As(V), and P(V) on natural halloysite and halloysite grafted with diethanolamine. Halloysite (H) sample was obtained from the Intermark Company which exploits the Dunino deposits formed as a result of basalt weathering, located in NW Poland near Legnica. The modification consisted of two steps. Firstly, the intercalate of the mineral with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was prepared. For this purpose 12.5 g of the mineral was dispersed in a mixture of 90 mL DMSO and 10 mL H2O for 5 days at room temperature (HDMSO sample). Secondly, the HDMSO was refluxed with diethanolamine (DEA) (100 g/L ratio) for 24 h at 180°C under argon flow. The centrifuged product (HD) was washed with isopropanol and subsequently with water to remove unreacted DEA and DMSO remnants and dried at 65°C. The material was characterized using XRD, IR and SEM methods. Adsorption experiments were conducted at 5 mmol/L Cr(VI), As(V), and P(V) concentration in the single-element system for initial pH 3, 6, 9 and in mixed double-element system (1:1 anion molar ratio) for the initial pH 3. For the equilibrium studies, the H and HD samples were shaken in adequate solution (solid/solution ratio 20 g/L) for 24 h at room temperature. Afterwards, the supernatant solution was analyzed for anions. The Cr(VI) concentration was determined by 1.5-diphenylcarbazide method, while the P(V) and As(V) concentrations were determined by molybdenum blue method. The XRD confirmed the formation of an intercalate with DMSO as the characteristic d001 peak at 11.2 Å appeared. After DMSO treatment, the intensity of four distinct bands in the OH stretching region (3,700-3,600 cm-1), which are characteristic for the natural halloysite, changed as a result of interaction between the mineral and DMSO. Also the bands attributed to the C-H stretching vibrations of DMSO methyl groups were found at 3,021, 2,937 and 2,920 cm-1. The interlayer grafting of DEA led to fixing of basal spacing at 10.34 Å. After water washing the IR spectra showed only bands related to the grafted DEA molecules, which confirms the derivative stability (Matusik & Bajda 2013). As the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the H sample is low, the adsorption process takes place mainly at the crystal edges. It was assumed that the protonated amine group of DEA will attract the anionie species. The results show that such modification does not improve the anion sorption properties of halloysite. The sorption increased only in case of Cr(VI) from 4 to 9 mmol/kg at initial pH 9 (single-element system). The highest sorption was observed in acidic system due to lack of competitive OH ions. In this case, sorption of Cr(VI) was 27 mmol/kg for H and 28 mmol/kg for HD. In contrast, the H adsorbed 108 mmol P(V)/kg in single-element system, while HD adsorbed only 50 mmol P(V)/kg. Adsorption of the As(V) was higher for the H sample and equal to 67 mmol/kg. A comparison of the obtained results for P(V) and As(V) to the sorption efficiency of HDT-MA-modified zeolites (respectively: 80 mmol/kg and 35 mmol/kg) and HDTMA-modified smectites (respectively: 75 mmol/kg and 45 mmol/kg) indicates, that the natural halloysite is a promising sorbent with regard to the studied anions (Mozgawa et al. 2011). In the single-element system the sorption increased as follows: P > As >>Cr. In turn, in the double-element system the competitive sorption was observed. Thus, the sorption of P(V) was lowered in the presence of Cr(VI), while in competitive P(V)-As(V) system the sorption of As(V) dominated. The mechanisms which contribute to the sorption were mainly surface complexation. Further investigation requires thermodynamic studies and the use of i.e. XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy).

7

Miliardy na drogi. Jak będzie wyglądał rozwój sieci dróg krajowych do 2023 r.?

Prokop A.

Geoinżynieria : drogi, mosty, tunele

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2014

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nr 4

68-70

PL

Z nowego budżetu na budowę dróg do 2020 r. ma zostać wydanych prawie 93 mld zł. Co więcej, w ramach unijnego programu Connecting Europe Facilities (CEF), Polska będzie mogła wykorzystać 4,1 mld EUR na sfinansowanie projektów o znaczeniu europejskim.

EN

A new budget drawn up by 2020 assumes that almost 93 billion PLN will be spent on building new roads. Furthermore, Poland will be granted 4.1 billion EUR from the Connecting Europe Facilities (CEF), an European Union programme for financing the projects of the European interest. National Roads Building Programme for 2014 - 2020, developed in the Ministry of Infrastructure and Development, determines courses of action and investment priorities regarding extension of the national roads network in Poland. The document is currently under discussion in interdepartmental consultation.

8

M4 : czwarta linia metra w stolicy Węgier

Prokop A.

Geoinżynieria : drogi, mosty, tunele

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2014

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nr 4

92-94

PL

Głównym celem projektantów nowej linii metra w Budapeszcie było połączenie południowo-zachodniej z północno-wschodnią częścią miasta. Według badań, miasto wielkości Budapesztu powinno mieć bowiem 3 razy większą sieć połączeń niż ma obecnie.

EN

A new subway line in Budapest designers’ main goal was to join southwestern part of the city with its northeastern part. According to the research, a city of a size of Budapest should have 3 times bigger communication network as it now has. Adapting M4 line to the existing communication network and opportunities which it created allowed to reorganize public .transport in districts where it runs. Additional subway line was also to strengthen direct connections with M2 and M3 lines.

9

Rola Czytelni Europejskiej Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej w procesie udostępniania informacji europejskiej

Prokop A.

PTINT Praktyka i Teoria Informacji Naukowej i Technicznej

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2003

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T. 11, nr 4

42-43

10

System informacyjny Krakowa

Chrobak T., Gaduła M., Prokop A.

Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny

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1998

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nr 11

34--37