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1

Oxidation and hydrogen behaviur in Zr-2Mn alloy

Zienkiewicz N., Paradowska J., Serbiński W., Gajowiec G., Hernik A., Zieliński A.

Advances in Materials Science

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2018

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Vol. 18, nr 2(56)

37--48

EN

The purpose of the present research was to determine the oxidation and hydrogenation behavior in the new Zr-2Mn alloy. The oxidation of alloy was performed at temperatures between 350°C and 900°C for 30 minutes. The hydrogen charging was made for 72 h at a current density 80 mA/cm2. The charged samples were heat treated at 400°C for 4 h to obtain a uniform hydrogen profile content across the sample. The oxidation resulted in an appearance of non-uniform oxide layers of thickness increasing with temperature. The surface damage was observed at higher temperatures 700 and 900°C. After charging with hydrogen followed by annealing no hydrides were found. The observed effect is evidence that the oxide layers may form effective barriers against hydrogen diffusion even if they are partially degraded. The absence of hydrides or hydride cracking may be caused by an absence in Zr-Mn alloys of such phase precipitates, which may trap diffusive hydrogen and initiate the hydrides. The positive influence of manganese on the formation of the thick oxide layer and relative resistance to delayed hydride cracking may be attributed to its affinity of oxygen, the ability to form thick and compact oxide layers during oxidation, the formation of solid solution in zirconium and no precipitates enhancing nucleation of hydrides.

2

Hydrogen degradation of pre-oxidized zirconium alloys

Szoka A., Gajowiec G., Zieliński A., Serbiński W., Olive J. M., Ossowska A.

Advances in Materials Science

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2017

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Vol. 17, nr 1(51)

5--21

EN

The presence of the oxide layers on Zr alloys may retard or enhance the hydrogen entry and material degradation, depending on the layer features. This research has been aimed to determine the effects of pre-oxidation of the Zircaloy-2 alloy at a different temperature on hydrogen degradation. The specimens were oxidised in laboratory air at 350°C, 700°C, and 900°C. After, some samples were tensed at 10-5 strain rate and simultaneously charged with hydrogen under constant direct voltage in 1 N sulfuric acid at room temperature. Other specimens were charged without any tension, then annealed at 400°C for 4 h and finally tensed at above strain rate. The SEM examinations were performed on the cross-sections and fracture faces of specimens. The obtained results demonstrate the effects of the oxide layer on the cathodic current and hydrogen entry, mechanical properties and the appearance of hydrides and fracture behaviour.

3

Surface treatment of porous Ti13Nb13Zr alloy for biomedical applications

Serbiński W., Zieliński A., Seramak T., Ossowska A., Sobieszczyk S., Supernak M., Majkowska B.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2012

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Vol. 33, nr 1

6--12

EN

The porous Ti13Zr13Nb alloy intended for load-bearing implants has been investigated. The alloy powder was obtained by plasma jet spraying a solid alloy sheet. Then the alloy granules were sintered by employing powder metallurgy, with and without a space holder, resulting in specimens demonstrating an open porous structure with a porosity up to 68% and mean pore size ranging between 30 and 150 μm. Further thermal, chemical and/or electrochemical oxidation caused increased corrosion resistance and the appearance of nanotubular titania layers after anodization, with nanotubes up to 2 μm in length and 80÷120 nm in diameter. The nanotubular layers were finally coated with deposits of hydroxyapatite obtained by using biomimetic or chemical (Alternate Immersion and biomimetic) methods. In conclusion, the employed surface techniques allow substantial improvement of the chemical stability, corrosion resistance, biocompatibility and bioactivity of the investigated titanium based biomaterial.

PL

Przeprowadzono badania materiału porowatego, przeznaczonego na implanty ortopedyczne, wytworzonego metodą metalurgii proszków ze stopu Ti13Zr13Nb. Proszki z badanego stopu uzyskano metodą rozpylania plazmowego. Były one następnie spiekane bez lub z użyciem porogenu. Otrzymano próbki o otwartej porowatej strukturze, stopniu porowatości do 68% i średniej wielkości porów w przedziale od 30 do 150 mikrometrów. Obróbka próbek porowatych – utlenianie termiczne, chemiczne i/lub elektrochemiczne spowodowało otrzymanie krystalicznych lub nanorurkowych warstw tlenkowych, składających się z nanorurek o długości do 2 μm i średnicy 80÷120 nm oraz zwiększenie ich odporności na korozję. Nanorurkowe warstwy tlenkowe zostały następnie pokryte hydroksyapatytem metodą biomimetyczną lub chemiczną (przemiennego zanurzenia). Podsumowując, zastosowane techniki obróbki powierzchniowej pozwalają na znaczną poprawę stabilności chemicznej, odporności korozyjnej, biozgodności i aktywności biologicznej biomateriałów o osnowie tytanu.

4

Metal implants in ostheosynthesis - construction solutions, materials and applications

Hutnik A., Świeczko-Żurek B., Szumlański A., Serbiński W.

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2012

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Vol. 15, no. 115

7--11

EN

Every day human bones undergo different injuries resulting from public transport accidents, diseases or trauma. Consequently, they cause temporary or constant patients disability or even death. Fractures happen not only to elderly people suffering from osteoporosis, but also more and more frequently to young people, who got some injuries as a result of life style, e.g. doing sports. The desire to enhance the physical well being and quality of patients' life, who got some injury causes constant development of medical devices for osteosynthesis. In the case of complicated fractures, in which plaster treatment is not sufficient, surgical treatment and applying implant are indispensable. The aim of the article is to present two case studies on intramedullary nails. The first one concerns a method of osteosynthesis for a patient, who was injured in an accident. The second one presents the failure of the implanted intramedullary nail. The research included evaluation of the type of fracture and the analysis of microstructure, chemical composition and hardness of the implant materials.

5

Porous biomaterial for orthopaedic implants based on titanium alloy

Seremak T., Serbiński W., Zieliński A.

Advances in Materials Science

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2011

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Vol. 11, nr 1(27)

27-34

EN

Titanium and its alloys are widely used as biomaterials for orthopaedic applications. Research connected with their best corrosion and wear resistance, biocompatibility and bioactivity are still being conducted. The current research is also focused on the design and manufacturing of the porous materials based on e.g. Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy, which can be applied for implants. One of the most effective manufacturing methods of the porous materials are powder metallurgy techniques. The aim of the presented work was the design of powder preparation procedure and design a parameters of pressing and sintering processes in order to obtain the porous structure from Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy. Investigation results of the microstructure morphology, pore size and porosity of the obtained porous material on the base Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy in dependence of the pressing and sintering parameters are also shown and discussed.

6

Wpływ obróbki laserowej w warunkach kriogenicznych na mikrostrukturę i właściwości eksploatacyjne stopu SUPERSTON przeznaczonego na śruby okrętowe

Majkowska B., Serbiński W.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2010

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Vol. 31, nr 4

1081-1084

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wpływ obróbki laserowej w warunkach kriogenicznych stopu SUPERSTON stosowanego na śruby okrętowe na jego mikrostrukturę i właściwości eksploatacyjne. Nadtapianie laserowe w warunkach kriogenicznych spowodowało wyraźne rozdrobnienie mikrostruktury w uzyskanej warstwie wierzchniej. Stosując polaryzacyjne badania korozyjne w 3% NaCl stwierdzono znaczący wzrost odporności korozyjnej warstw wierzchnich po obróbce laserowej w porównaniu ze stanem wyjściowym. Badania odporności kawitacyjnej stopu SUPERSTON nadtopionego laserowo w warunkach kriogenicznych przeprowadzono na stanowisku z wirującą tarczą. Zaobserwowano wzrost odporności nadtopionej laserowo warstwy wierzchniej stopu SUPERSTON podczas testu kawitacyjnego.

EN

Influence of the laser remelting at cryogenic conditions the SUPERSTON alloy used for ships propeller on the microstructure and exploitation properties was presented in this paper. Laser remelting at cryogenic conditions caused the refinement of the microstructure in obtained surface layer. An increase of the corrosion resistance of surface layers after laser treatment compared to the material in the initial state has been demonstrated with use of the polarization corrosion tests in 3% NaCl. The cavitation test of laser remelted the SUPERSTON alloy at cryogenic conditions was performed using the rotating disc facility. An increase resistance of the remelted surface layer the SUPERSTON alloy during cavitation test was observed.

7

Morfologia mikrostruktury warstwy wierzchniej stopów aluminium po nadtapianiu laserowym w warunkach kriogenicznych

Serbiński W., Majkowska B.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2010

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Vol. 31, nr 1

38-41

PL

W pracy przedstawiono koncepcję i efekt oddziaływania wiązki lasera w warunkach kriogenicznych na powierzchnię stopów aluminium. Uzyskano znaczącą zmianę mikrostruktury stopu AlSi13Mg1CuNi w obszarze oddziaływania wiązki lasera oraz gwałtownego chłodzenia. W rezultacie ukształtowano warstwę wierzchnią stopu aluminium, która w zależności od parametrów nadtapiania wykazuje strukturę drobnoziarnistą, nanokrystaliczną lub amorficzną.

EN

The method and equipment for laser treatment of the aluminium alloys at cryogenic temperature have been presented (Fig. 1). The considerable influence of laser beam and rapid quenching on the microstructure surface layer of the AlSi13Mg1CuNi alloy is obtained. In result formed the surface layer of the aluminium alloy, which in dependence of remelting parameters shows the fine-grained (Fig. 7, 8), nanocrystalline or amorphous structure (Fig. 6).

8

Biocompatibility and Bioactivity of Load-Bearing Metallic Implants

Zieliński A., Sobieszczyk S., Seramak T., Serbiński W., Świeczko-Żurek W., Ossowska A.

Advances in Materials Science

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2010

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Vol. 10, nr 4(26)

21-31

EN

The main objective of here presented research is to develop the titanium (Ti) alloy base composite materials possessing better biocompatibility, longer lifetime and bioactivity behaviour for load-bearing implants, e.g. hip joint and knee joint endoprosthesis. The development of such materials is performed through: modeling the material behaviour in biological environment in long time and developing of new procedures for such evaluation; obtaining of a Ti alloy with designed porosity; developing of an oxidation technology resulting in high corrosion resistance and bioactivity; developing of technologies for hydroxyapatite (HA) deposition aimed at composite bioactive coatings; developing of technologies of precipitation of the biodegradable core material placed within the pores. The examinations of degradation of Ti implants are carried out in order to recognize the sources of both early allergies and inflammation, and of long term degradation. The theoretical assessment of corrosion is made assuming three processes: electrochemical dissolution through imperfections of the anodic oxide layer, diffusion of metallic ions through the oxide layer, and dissolution of oxides themselves. In order to increase the biocompatibility, the toxic elements, aluminium (Al) and vanadium (V) are eliminated. The experiments have shown that titanium – zirconium – niobium (Ti-Zr-Nb) alloy may be a such a material which can also be prepared by both powder metallurgy (P/M) technique and selective laser melting. The porous (scaffold) Ti-Zr-Nb alloy is now obtained by powder metallurgy, classical and with space holders used before melting and decomposed, or remained during melting and removed by subsequent water dissolution. The oxidation of porous materials is performed either by electrochemical technique in special electrolytes or by chemical and/or hydrothermal method in order to obtain the optimal oxide layer well adjacent to an interface, preventing the base metal against corrosion and bioactive because of its nanotubular structure, permitting injection of some species into the pores. The Ca, O and N ion implantation or deposition of zirconia sublayers may be used to increase the biocompatibility, bioactivity and corrosion resistance. The HA coating obtained by either electrophoretic, biomimetic or by sol-gel deposition should result in gradient structure similar to bone structure, possessing high adhesion strength. The core material of the porous material should result in a biodegradable material, allowing slower dissolution followed by stepwise growth of bone tissue and angiogenesis, preventing local inflammation processes, sustaining the mechanical strength close to that of non-porous material.

9

Analiza naprężeń własnych w nadtopionej laserowo warstwie wierzchniej stopu SUPERSTON przeznaczonego na śruby okrętowe

Majkowska B., Serbiński W.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2009

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Vol. 30, nr 6

501-504

PL

Przedstawiono wpływ nadtapiania laserowego w warunkach kriogenicznych stopu SUPERSTON, stosowanego do wyrobu śrub okrętowych, na mikro-strukturę, skład fazowy oraz naprężenia własne w uzyskanej tym sposobem warstwie wierzchniej. W warstwie wierzchniej nadtopionego laserowo w warunkach kriogenicz-nych stopu SUPERSTON ujawniono obecność naprężeń własnych ściska-jących, które wraz z korzystnymi zmianami mikrostruktury podniosły zna-cząco odporność na oddziaływanie zjawiska kawitacji, które jest najczęstszą przyczyną niszczenia śrub okrętowych.

EN

Influence of laser renielting at cryogenic conditions the SUPERSTON alloy used for ships propeller on the microstructure (Fig. 1+3), phase composition (Fig. 4, Tab. 3) and residual stresses (Fig. 7) in obtained this way surface layer are presented. In remelted at cryogenic conditions the SUPERSTON alloy disclosed pre-sence of the compressive stresses, which together with profitable changes of the microstructure, significantly increased the resistance on influence of the cavitation phenomenon, which is the most freąuently cause of failure the ship propellers.

10

Influence of laser remelting at cryogenic conditions on corrosion resistance of non-ferrous alloys

Zieliński A., Serbiński W., Majkowska B., Jażdżewska M., Skalski I.

Advances in Materials Science

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2009

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Vol. 9, nr 4(22)

21-28

EN

The main reason for laser remelting of the components made of aluminium, copper and titanium alloys is to obtain high hardness and corrosion resistance at the surface for longer lifetime as result of the rapid solidification. The final microstructure, phase composition and properties of aluminium, copper and titanium alloys depend on the laser process parameters and obviously on the nature of the equilibrium system. The effect of laser surface remelting at cryogenic conditions on the microstructure and corrosion characteristics of the AlSi13Mg1CuNi, SUPERSTON and Ti-6Al-4V alloys are presented. The beneficial effects of laser treatment on the microstructure and corrosion behaviour of those alloys used for different products are observed.

11

Cavitation behaviour of the SUPERSTON alloy after laser treatment

Majkowska B., Serbiński W.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2008

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Vol. 26, nr 2

199-202

EN

Purpose: Results of laser treatment at cryogenic conditions and its influence on microstructure, microhardness and cavitation resistance of the SUPERSTON alloy are presented in this paper. Design/methodology/approach: New method of the laser remelting specimens diped in liquid nitrogen made by the CO2 laser with 4000 W laser beam power and scanning velocity 0.5 and 1.0 m/min was employed. Observation microstructure was carried out by scanning electron microscope. Hardness of cross-section of the surface layer has been measured by the Vickers microhardness under load 0.49 N. Cavitation test in the water using rotating disc facility was done. Findings: Laser remelting let obtain fine microstructure in surface layer and increase of microhardness and cavitation resistance, compared to casting the SUPERSTON alloy. Research limitations/implications: The future investigations connected with environment conditions should be extend of internal stresses in the SUPERSTON alloy after laser remelting at cryogenic conditions. Practical implications: Obtained results point at possibility of the increase hardness and cavitation resistance of the parts worked in cavitation conditions. Originality/value: The propose laser treatment at cryogenic conditions could be used for surface consolidation of the copper alloys applied for ship propellers.

12

Odporność kawitacyjna stopu SUPERSTON po nadtapianiu laserowym w warunkach kriogenicznych

Majkowska B., Serbiński W.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2008

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Vol. 29, nr 6

572-575

PL

W artykule przedstawiono rezultaty nadtapiania laserowego stopu SUPERSTON w warunkach kriogenicznych i ich wpływ na odporność kawitacyjną. Badania kawitacyjne przeprowadzono na stanowisku z wirującą tarczą dla próbek w stanie odlanym oraz po modyfikacji laserowej powierzchni z różnymi parametrami wiązki laserowej. Uzyskane wyniki potwierdzają wzrost odporności kawitacyjnej stopu SUPERSTON po obróbce laserowej w porównaniu ze stopem odlanym.

EN

Results of laser treatment at cryogenic conditions and its influence on cavitation resistance of the SUPERSTON alloy are presented in this paper. The cavitation test was performed using of rotating disc facility for casting and surface laser modification specimens remelted with different parameters. Obtained results confirmed increase cavitation resistance of the SUPERSTON alloy after laser treatment, comper to casting material.

13

Characteristics of the (MN-N-O-P) type layers created on the cast aluminium alloys

Serbiński W., Wierzchoń T., Rajchel B.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2008

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Vol. 29, nr 6

556-559

EN

The microstructure, chemical and phase composition of the (Mn-N-O-P) type surface layers as well as their corrosion and tribological properties in comparison to uncoated cast aluminium alloys have been performed. An elaborated multiplex surface treatment of aluminium alloys enables forming of phase composition in the several zones of the (Mn-N-O-P) type layers. The zone microstructure with phases composed of manganese, nitrogen, oxygen and phosphorus has fundamental influence on the hardness, corrosion and wear resistance of cast aluminium alloys.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono skład chemiczny i fazowy, a także właściwości korozyjne i tribologiczne warstw powierzchniowych typu (Mn-N-O-P) wytworzonych na odlewniczych stopach aluminium. Właściwości uzyskanych warstw porównano z właściwościami stopów bez pokrycia. Warstwy (Mn-NO- P) wykazują budowę strefową (rys. 1), złożoną z faz zawierających mangan, azot, tlen i fosfor (tab. 1), które mają fundamentalny wpływ na twardość (tab. 2) oraz poprawę właściwości korozyjnych (tab. 3) i tribologicznych (rys. 5) odlewniczych stopów aluminium.

14

Stabilization of the titanium vibration damping wires in the steam turbine blades system

Serbiński W.

Advances in Materials Science

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2008

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Vol. 8, nr 1(15)

142-146

EN

Damping wires are usually used for damping of vibration blades in the steam turbines. Chromium steels or titanium alloys are still applied materials for producing the vibration damping wires. In this paper the stabilization method of the titanium vibration damping wires in the steam turbine blades system is performed. Microstructure and mechanical properties of the damping wires made of WT3-1 titanium alloy after cold and hot bending processes were presented. Analysis of the investigation results cold and hot bended vibration damping wires suggest, that stabilizing by hot bending of the titanium wires in the steam turbine blades system can be used in practice with successful.

15

Microstructure and corrosion properties of the (Mn-N-O-P) type layers created on aluminium alloys

Serbiński W., Borowski T., Wierzchoń T.

Advances in Materials Science

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2008

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Vol. 8, nr 1(15)

147-152

EN

The microstructure, chemical and phase composition as well as corrosion investigations of the (Mn-N-O-P) type surface layers in comparison to uncoated an aluminium alloy have been performed. An elaborated multiplex surface treatment of aluminium alloys enables forming of phase composition in the several zones of the (Mn-N-O-P) type layers. The zone microstructure with phases consisted of nitrogen, oxygen and phosphorus has fundamental influence on the hardnes and corrosion resistance of aluminium alloys.

16

Assessment of Cavitation Erosion Damage of Laser Remelted the Superston Alloy

Majkowska B., Serbiński W., Ostrowski P.

Advances in Materials Science

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2008

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Vol. 8, nr 4(18)

22-27

EN

Influence of laser treatment at cryogenic conditions on surface microstructure after cavitation test of the SUPERSTON alloy are presented in this paper. The cavitation test was performed using the rotating disc facility in IPM PAN Gdansk. The kinetics of mass loss during the cavitation process was determined for casting and laser remelted specimens. Surface and cross-section microstructure of the SUPERSTON alloy after laser treatment and cavitation test was observed by optical and scanning electron microscope.

17

Microstructural aspects of corrosion of the superston alloy after laser treatment

Majkowska B., Skalski I., Serbiński W.

Advances in Materials Science

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2007

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Vol. 7, nr 2(12)

141-146

EN

Results of laser treatment at cryogenic conditions and its influence on microstructure and corrosion resistance of the SUPER-STON alloy have been presented. The ship propellers made of copper alloy during exploit can degrade (corrosion, cavitation). One of the method of reducing the action effects of mentioned wear types of ships propeller can be the laser treatment at cryogenic conditions. Laser remelting was clone by the TRUMPF TLF 6000 turbo. After laser treatment the microstructure of the surface the SUPERSTON alloy was observed by scanning electron microscope. Corrosion test was made by potentiodynamic method in 3% NaCl solution. Corrosion resistance changed with parameters of the laser remelting and it was found that corrosion current density was lowest for 4000W of the rower laser beam and 0.5m/min of the scanning velocity.

18

Influence of the heat treatment on corrosion characteristics of the superston alloy

Serbiński W., Olive J.-M., Kibitlewski A.

Advances in Materials Science

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2007

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Vol. 7, nr 2(12)

147-158

EN

Microstructure and mechanical properties of the manganese-aluminium bronze (SUPERSTON alloy) used in ship propeller's production can be changed by the heat treatment, including hardening and tempering. In the paper is performed an influence of hardening and tempering temperature on the microstructure, microhardness and corrosion characteristics of the SUPERSTON alloy. The microstructure of the SUPERSTON alloy as a casting and after heat treatment is characterized by measure-ment of the HV0.05 and LM, SEM as well as AFM observations. On the base of potentiostatic corrosion test results is con-cluded that the best corrosion characteristics of the SUPERSTON alloy are obtained after hardening from 900°C and tempering 550°C, in comparison to heat untreated {as casting) copper alloy.

19

Surface structure and properties of Ti6Al4V alloy laser melted at cryogenic conditions

Zieliński A., Jażdżewska M., Narożniak-Łuksza A., Serbiński W.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2006

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Vol. 18, nr 1-2

423--426

EN

Purpose: The research work has been to determine whether surface melting of the Ti6Al4V bioalloy with the high power laser, when immersed in liquid nitrogen, would result in an appearance of hard and thick surface layer, containing new structural constituents. Design/methodology/approach: The laser melting of the Ti6Al4V alloy has been made by the CO2 laser at different laser beam energy and scan rate. The specimens have been immersed in liquid nitrogen bath during laser treatment. The Vickers microhardness of cross-sections of the surface layer has been measured, and the microscopic examinations have been performed with the SEM. Findings: The laser melting at cryogenic conditions has resulted in creation of the modified surface layer, up to 1.5 mm thick with HAZ, of properties and structures different from those of the base metal. The layer has been well adjacent to base metal, its microhardness being significantly higher. The numerous zones have been observed within the surface layer, with nitrogen-containing martensite and titanium nitride structures. The negative effect has been an initiation of surface cracks. The laser beam energy has influenced the presence of different zones, their thickness, and number of cracks. Research limitations/implications: So far research has shown that proposed technique can create thick and hard surface layer, containing new structural important components. The new research is necessary in order to establish the laser treatment parameters which permit to avoid cracking and determine the phase constituents and crystallinity within the surface layer. Practical implications: The elaborated technique may be useful in order to improve the surface properties of the Ti alloys for biomedical applications. Originality/value: The paper shows original in the world-scale results of laser treatment of the Ti bioalloy at cryogenic conditions.

20

Microstructure and corrosion properties of the laser treated SUPERSTON alloy

Serbiński W., Majkowska B.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2006

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Vol. 18, nr 1-2

415--418

EN

Purpose: Results of laser treatment at cryogenic conditions and its influence on microstructure, microhardness and properties of the SUPERSTON alloy are presented in this article. Design/methodology/approach: New method of the laser remelting specimens diped in liquid nitrogen made by the CO 2 laser with 6000W laser beam power and scanning velocity 1.0 m/min was employed. Observation microstructure was carried out by scanning electron microscope. Hardness of cross-section of the surface layer has been measured by the Vickers microhardness under load 0.49 N. Corrosion investigation in 3% NaCl by the Atlas 9131 equipment conected with computer PC was done. Findings: Laser remelting lets obtain fine microstructure in surface layer and increase of microhardness and corrosion properties, compared with base material. Research limitations/implications: The future investigations connected with aplication conditions should be extend of cavitation tests in the magnetostriction stand. Practical implications: Obtained results point at possibility of the increase hardness, corrosion and cavitation resistance of the parts worked in marine conditions. Originality/value: The proposed laser treatment at cryogenic conditions could be used for surface consolidation of the copper alloys applied for ship propellers.