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PL
Modelowano właściwości skroplonego gazu ziemnego w zależności od jego składu w celu prognozowania jego zachowania się po wzroście temperatury w zbiornikach magazynowych oraz w trakcie ich napełniania. Opisano zjawisko roll-over zachodzące w czasie magazynowania gazu i polegające na rozwarstwianiu się cieczy o różnych gęstościach.
EN
Properties of liquefied natural gas were modeled according to its compn. to predict its behavior after temp. increase in the storage tanks and during their filling. A roll-over effect during the liquefied natural gas storage consisted in stratification of liqs. of different densities was described.
PL
Modelowano efektywność ekonomiczną zastosowania turboekspandera w celu wytworzenia energii elektrycznej w procesie regazyfikacji skroplonego gazu ziemnego o różnych składach. Opisano podstawy termodynamiczne procesu rozprężania w ekspanderze oraz wyznaczono zdyskontowany okres zwrotu inwestycji dla założonych parametrów.
EN
Energy efficiency of the liquefied natural gas regasification in a turboexpander was calcd. for 2 typical gas compns. and gas flow (70-210)·103 m 3/h, under 10-15 MPa. Thermodynamic anal. of the expansion showed a possibility to produce more than 1 GW for the lowest gas flow and pressure. The discounted payback period on investment for the parameters was however longer than 10 years.
EN
Gaseous hydrocarbons and nitrogen mixtures are characterized with an own designed portable Raman system equipped with a high pressure autoclave and fiber-optic probe. Backscattered radiation is collected through a sapphire window with a probe and transferred to the spectrometer. Samples are measured for a set of pressures in the range of 1–150 bar in ambient temperature. Measurement conditions are set to maintain an one-phase system. Spectra are collected in a wide range of wavenumber 350–3500 cm–1. Initial composition of measured samples is measured be means of gas chromatography. Design computer algorithms automatically detects and characterizes Raman bands for given species and their peak areas. The influence of both pressure and concentration of a given element on given band position and area are demonstrated.
4
PL
Opracowano matematyczny model transportu skroplonego gazu ziemnego (LNG) z metanowca do zbiorników magazynowych termicznie izolowanymi naziemnymi rurociągami, aby wykazać wpływ składu gazu na parametry procesu rozładunku. Modelowaniem objęto przepływ gazu w rurociągu rozładunkowym. W przypadku gdy gaz zawierał azot i przy wysokiej wydajności przepływu obserwowano występowanie w rurociągu dwufazowego układu ciecz-gaz.
EN
Transportation of liq. natural gas from tank ships to storage terminal through thermally insulated above-ground pipelines was math. modelled to show effect of the gas compn. and b.p. on the process parameters. A comprehensive hydraulic model of the gas flow in unloading pipelines was developed. A two-phase system was obsd. when the gas contained N₂ or when the process was carried out quickly.
EN
Natural gas prepared for pipeline transportation must have appropriate parameters described in norms and standards. This entails a restrictive approach to acceptable changes in the composition of the natural gas in pipeline transmission system. The greater number of entry points to the pipeline transmission system causes a greater probability of natural gas diversity in terms of the content of its individual components. It particularly concerns the natural gas sources in which treatment methods are not sufficiently accurate and also imported gas. In specific cases where natural gas with a higher content of heavier hydrocarbons such as propane and butane will enter the transportation system, it is possible for the phenomenon of retrograde (reverse) condensation to occur. The occurrence of the two-phase system significantly worsens the pipeline transport conditions, causing significant pressure drops of transported natural gas. The article examines cases where the phenomenon of retrograde (reverse) condensation occurred in the pipeline transportation of natural gas.
6
Content available Innovative solutions in natural gas engineering
EN
The role of natural gas increases in the world energy mix. Natural gas is an ecologic fuel and is used as an energy source in various industries, primarily in transportation. The increased role of natural gas causes the research for innovations and technology development. In modern industry technological innovations should not be presented only as a simple laboratory activities to develop a new tools, solutions and technological processes in natural gas sector. With the rapid development of the natural gas sector in the world in many countries the process of transformation of the national industrial base with the use of natural gas has begun. Natural gas can also be considered as an important bridge to other alternative sources of energy derived from fuel and effective for the environment. In this article the latest trends in the natural gas sector are collected and presented.
EN
This paper contains information about Raman spectroscopy, describing its possible application in the oil and gas industry. This method allows the performance of a series of repetitive measurements to determine the composition of samples and its changes with high accuracy. In the article, the data presented in the literature connected with Raman spectroscopy and the oil and gas industry is analyzed. This paper considered measurements of a natural gas composition in simulated in-situ conditions performed using Raman spectroscopy. The current research project is trying to develop a mobile apparatus which would use Raman spectroscopy for defining reservoir fluid compounds in high pressure and high temperature conditions. The preliminary measurements were carried out in the simulated in-situ in variant pressure conditions.
EN
Nowadays we can observe an increasing seek for a new alternatives for the sources and devices of energy storage. One of those sources is hydrogen which can be used in process of energy storage (analogous for compressed air). Hydrogen energy storage facility (in most cases – salt caverns) is often located at long distance from hydrogen source. Due to high amount of hydrogen to be transported transport by tank trucks must be rejected because of its low efficiency. The optimal way of hydrogen transport is pipeline transportation. Hydrogen can be transported by pipeline as a pure fluid or as a component in natural gas mixture. The main target of this paper is the thermodynamic analysis of hydrogen pipeline transportation as a pure fluid or as component of natural gas. Provided analysis includes pressure drop and temperature changes for different assumed cases of hydrogen pipeline transport.
EN
The development of conventional and unconventional natural gas reservoir management includes continuous monitoring of hydrocarbon exploitation processes and its impact on the reservoir and environment. Raman spectroscopy, which allows for the identification of reservoir fluids (including natural gas) components can be a very promising method for the application of providing a quick, non-invasive, nondestructive analysis. The proposed in this paper measurement methods are focused on the use of:– a laboratory cell (autoclave) with sapphire window mounted on a specially prepared bypass pipeline;– a dedicated Raman probe mounted to the available installed stub pipe;– the construction of a special measurement cell. The article presents the basic technical assumptions for measurements of the composition of natural gas with the use Raman spectroscopy.
EN
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is transported by ships to unloading points on the LNG terminals, where the LNG is transported by above-ground superinsulated pipelines to storage tanks. Storage tanks are located a few hundred meters to several kilometers away from the unloading point. The article shows the changes in the basie thermodynamic parameters of liquefied natural gas during the flow in the pipeline modeled for an exemplary unloading process for different variants using Peng-Robinson equation of state.
EN
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) has an increasingly important role in the global natural gas market. Global demand for natural gas will grow over the coming years. LNG is transported by ships to unloading points on the storage terminals. During the LNG unloading and storage processes some part of LNG evaporates into gas phase and causes changes in the composition of stored LNG. The main component of LNG is methane, the remaining components are primarily ethane, propane, butane and nitrogen. Depending on the participation of these components the basic thermodynamic parameters of LNG can significantly change. LNG is also product sensitive to changes of temperature. In order to better prediction of changes of individual paramete rs of stored LNG caused by changes of temperature and LNG composition vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) calculations are performed for cryogenic conditions using equations of state.
EN
Wind energy sector has been developing at a fast pace in many countries around the world in recent years. However, there is an issue with the unpredictability of electricity production provided by wind turbines that is caused by variability of weather. Therefore, there is need to compensate the intermittency of wind energy by means of backup power generation facilities. One of the solutions is compressed air energy storage technology (CAES). The paper discusses the CAES technology characteristics as well as economic aspects of CAES plant construction and operation. The latest achievements and developments in the field of CAES technology is presented. The paper inspects the existing CAES facilities and discusses the possibilities of implementing this technology in Poland.
EN
The technical and economic conditions of carbon dioxide offshore pipeline transportation are presented in this paper. The basie conditions in which carbon dioxide will be transported, as well as the thermodynamic conditions, physicochemical properties and technical parameters, relevant to CO2 pipeline transport, are addressed in this article. The basie costs of pipeline carbon dioxide transport are also considered. The carbon dioxide flow was simulated for a few pipeline diameter sizes to determine the operating pressure of the pipeline for various maximum mass flow rate values. Different conditions of CO2 flow including impact of ambient conditions were analyzed. There is also included an analysis of technological systems and installation concepts for carbon dioxide preparation for efficient pipeline transportation.
EN
Adaptation of liquefied natural gas (LNG) to the quality requirements for natural gas transportation pipeline system is a high energy intensive process. The energy for this process can be obtained include from waste heat in the industry processes, steam power blocks or sea water in LNG unloading terminal. Another way of obtaining the heat is burning of gas or other fuels. A large temperature difference between the heat sources in each of these cases, and the low temperature of LNG can be used to control of the pumping engine operation, it can pro vi de optimization and reduction of the costs. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) can be used as a source of cold to the increasing power of the cogeneration process. The article examines some practical cogeneration solutions (combined heat and called power - CHP), which can improve the efficiency of the process of regasification of LNG.
EN
The main issue related to pipeline transportation of hydrocarbons (natural gas, oil) and chemical substances (e.g. carbon dioxide) is to get the best transportation efficiency, taking into account economic and technological aspects. The paper presents the possibility of using pipelines made with the Thermoflex® technology for the transportation of natural gas and carbon dioxide. Pipelines made with this technology can be used for transportation of natural gas from wellsites to natural gas mines installations. Thermoflex pipeline time of instalation is shorter compared to steel pipeline, this issue has great significance in the perspective of future exploitation of natural gas from unconventional reservoirs in Poland. Pipes made using this technology with new polymeric materials are characterized by much lower pressure drop along the pipeline compared to the steel pipelines, much higher maximum operating pressure range compared to polyethylene pipes, better thermal insulation compared to steel, high corrosion resistance and lower installation and operating costs. This paper presents the construction of the pipelines made using Thermoflex® technology, possibilities of applications and comparative examples of simulations of pressure drop and temperature for steel pipelines and made with Thermoflex® technology for the transport of natural gas and carbon dioxide.
16
Content available Gaz ziemny ze złóż niekonwencjonalnych w Polsce
PL
29.31 maja 2012 r. na Wydziale Wiertnictwa, Nafty i Gazu AGH w Krakowie odbyła się XXIII Międzynarodowa Konferencja Naukowo-Techniczna Nowe metody i technologie w geologii naftowej, wiertnictwie, geoinżynierii, inżynierii złożowej i gazownictwie OIL-GAS AGH 2012. Tematem przewodnim tegorocznego wydarzenia był gaz ziemny ze złóż niekonwencjonalnych w Polsce.
PL
Pozyskiwanie energii z węgla wiąże się z coraz większymi wyzwaniami w świetle światowych trendów związanych z ograniczeniem emisji dwutlenku węgla jako jednego z tzw. gazów cieplarnianych. Jednym ze sposobów redukcji emisji CO2 jest wdrożenie technologii jego wychwytywania i geologicznego składowania. Podstawowym i integralnym etapem całego łańcucha technologii CCS łączącym wychwyt i składowanie jest transport dwutlenku węgla. Transport dużych ilości CO2 (rzędu 2-10 MtCO2/rok) na dużą odległość jest ekonomicznie uzasadniony tylko za pomocą rurociągów. Technicznie dwutlenek węgla może być transportowany w stanie nadkrytycznym oraz jako ciecz w warunkach ciśnienia nadkrytycznego. Położenie punktu krytycznego CO2 (Pc = 7,38 MPa, Tc = 31,1 stopni Celsjusza) sugeruje przesył w zakresie bardzo wysokich ciśnień (8-15 MPa). Dodatkowo w przypadku utrzymywania stanu nadkrytycznego na całej długości rurociągu wymagane jest utrzymanie wysokiej temperatury, co jest bardzo energochłonne, wskazane jest także zastosowanie izolacji termicznej rurociągu, co dodatkowo zwiększa nakłady inwestycyjne. Natomiast opory przepływu transportowanego CO2 w fazie ciekłej są znacznie mniejsze. W artykule przedstawione zostaną podstawowe założenia projektowe rurociągowego transportu CO2, takich jak: wybór trasy, dobór średnicy rurociągu, wymagania materiałowe oraz koncepcje układów technologicznych. Przedstawione zostaną także wyniki symulacji przepływu strumienia dwutlenku węgla dla kilku odrębnych przypadków: stałego wydatku masowego, stałej średnicy rurociągu, zmiennego składu strumienia CO2 oraz analizy zmian temperatury transportowanego dwutlenku węgla.
EN
The most of world energy industry is based on coal. Energy production from coal can significantly contribute to climate change known as global warming because carbon dioxide generated during combustion of coal or hydrocarbons is counted among the so-called greenhouse gases. International agreements increasingly dictate or at least provide direction for reducing carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, so in many countries in many areas (mainly in power) new technologies are developed to achieve the intended target of carbon dioxide emission reduction (Carbon Capture and Storage). The paper presents the stage of transportation from the place of carbon dioxide capture to the place of storage. Technically, it is possible to transport carbon dioxide as liquid or as a supercritical fluid. In both cases, the key factor is to keep high pressure of transported carbon dioxide (above the critical pressure of 7.38 MPa). Additionally in the case of the supercritical fluid, it is essential to maintain the temperature over the entire length of the pipeline above the critical temperature, ie 31.1 degrees Celsius (88 degrees F.). Maintaining high temperature creates technical difficulties and consumes large amounts of energy, so the transport process becomes unprofitable, in this case also a special thermal insulation of the pipeline is required. An additional advantage of the transport of carbon dioxide as liquid is low pipe friction, so it is possible to transport carbon dioxide over long distances. This paper will present the basic design requirements of CO2 pipeline transport, such as: route selection, selection and determining of pipe diameter, material requirements and concepts of technological systems. The results of the simulation flow of carbon dioxide are presented in this paper for some different cases: constant mass flow rate, constant pipe diameter, changing the composition of the CO2 stream, the analysis of temperature changes of transported carbon dioxide.
EN
Nanostructured silicon nitride and aluminium nitride powder mixtures have been successfully produced by high-energy mechanical activation in the planetary mill. The effect of planetary milling parameters (time, ball-to-powder ratio, surfactants addition) and means of deagglomeration by the ultrasound disintegration (type of dispersant, the ultrasonic action) were studied. The resultant powders were examined by XRD, SEM and TEM as well as the specific surface area (BET) was measured and grain size distribution was analyzed. It has been found that significant agglomeration occurred in the samples milled with the highest energy accompanied by the severe destruction of the crystal lattice. The results show the crucial effect of dispersant action for a one-modal distribution of the milled powders.
PL
Proces mechanochemiczny w młynku planetarnym został z powodzeniem zastosowany do otrzymywania nanostrukturalnych proszków w mieszaninie azotku krzemu i glinu. Badano wpływ parametrów procesu mielenia i deaglomeracji takich jak: czas mielenia, prędkość obrotowa młyna, średnica mielników, stosunek mielników do proszku, rodzaj i ilość dodatków powierzchniowo czynnych, czas i energia dezintegracji ultradźwiękowej na właściwości proszku po procesie. Przeprowadzono badania XRD, SEM, oraz TEM, badania powierzchni właściwej metodą BET oraz rozkład dystrybucji ziarn metodą laserową po procesie mechanochemicznym prowadzonym z różną energią. Stwierdzono, że w wyniku zastosowania najwyższej energii mielenia następowało znaczące zniszczenie sieci krystalicznej w ziarnach proszku, ale towarzyszyło im zjawisko znacznej aglomeracji. W uzyskaniu jednomodalnego rozkładu ziarnowego mieszaniny proszków kluczowa role odgrywa działanie zastosowanego środka dyspergującego.
PL
Spiekanie reakcyjne jest główną metoda otrzymywania ceramiki sialo-nowej. Uziarnienie prekursorów sialonowych w znaczny sposób wpływa na zachowanie w czasie spiekania (przebieg reakcji perytektycznej) i w konsekwencji na właściwości finalnego materiału ceramicznego. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań nad zastosowaniem (wysokoenergetycznego) młyna planetarnego do mielenia tlenoazot-kowych materiałów proszkowych. Sporządzono i zbadano mieszaniny proszków tak dobranych, aby po procesie spiekania uzyskać materiał o strukturze P-sialonu. Przygotowane kompozycje poddano mieleniu w czasie 30, 45, 60, 90 i 120 min w młynku planetarnym. Mieszaniny były również mielone z zastosowaniem wysokoenergetycznego przemiału w młynie planetarnym (MPL-1, młyn prototypowy) z zastosowaniem różnych czasów mielenia (21, 33 i 45 min). Mieszaniny proszków przed i po mieleniu charakteryzowano przez zastosowanie pomiaru wielkości ziarna, powierzchni właściwej metodą BET, metody XRD z uwzględnieniem wielkości krystalitów (metoda Rietvelda) oraz obserwację mikroskopową mieszanin proszków wyjściowych. Jako materiał porównawczy te same mieszaniny proszków przygotowano w sposób tradycyjny - mieszanie na rolkach i mielenie w attrytorze. Mieszaniny proszków mielone w młynie planetarnym charakteryzowały się zdecydowanie drobniejszym uziarnieniem, większą powierzchnią właściwą jak również lepsza spiekalnością niż to miało miejsce w przypadku kompozycji przygotowanych przy użyciu tradycyjnych metod (mieszanie na rolkach, mielenie w attrytorze).
EN
Reaction sintering is the most effective method of sialons ceramics manufacturing. Grain size of the initial powder have an effect on den-sification behaviour and the resultant properties of the final ceramics material. Mixtures of starting powders have been prepared in order to obtain material withyS-sialon solid solution according to the general formula for /?-sialon SL Al O N. , where z=3. ' 6-z z z 8-z' The batched mixtures were milled with different acceleration in the planetary mill. Mixtures were milled for different milling time (30, 45, 60, 90, 120 min).Prepared mixtures have been milled with high acceleration in the planetary mill (MPL-1, prototype mill) for different time (21, 33, 45 min). Mictures of powders were examined before and after milling. The grain size, surface area (BET method), crystallite size (XRD and Rietveld method) were studied. Planetary milled batches were characterized by lower grain size distribution, higher surface area and showed better densification ability than compounds prepared by traditional method (roller bench or attritor).
20
Content available remote Investigations on obtaining cathodic cobalt in a diaphragm type electrolyser
EN
The investigations on cobalt electrolysis from cobalt chloride solutions while using diaphragm electrolyser have proved that: 1) Electrodeposition of cobalt should be carried out from solutions, where the pH value ranges from 5.1 to 5.3; the cathode cobalt obtained under those conditions was solid metal, bright and glossy; the current efficiency of the cathode process was 98%. 2) Three stages can be distinguished in the course of electrolytic cobalt deposition from CoCl2 solutions. Stage I – slight changes in the pH value of the catholyte solutions, duration this stage depends an cobalt concentration in the solution. Cobalt obtained during this stage adheres very well to the cathode, its survace is smooth and glossy. Stage II – rapid decrease of pH in the catholyte and first hydrogen bubbles appar (pH𕚵.0). Stage III – the electrolysis proceeds with a continuous but small decrease of the catholyte pH value; the cathode deposit begins to come off the ground, it is dark and full of pits;. the current efficiency of the process drops to about 90%. 3) Electrolyser modification by introducing buffer compartments that separate catholite from the anolyte makes possible to extend the stage I of electrolysis which is the most favourable stage in the whole process of cobalt deposition.
PL
Badania nad elektrolizą kobaltu z roztworów chlorku kobaltu w elektrolizerze przeponowym wykazały, że: 1) Elektrowydzielanie kobaltu należy prowadzić z roztworów, których pH wynosi od 5.1 do 5.3; otrzymany w tych warunkach kobalt katodowy był lity, jasny i błyszczący; wydajność prądowa procesu katodowego wynosiła 98%. 2) Podczas elektrolitycznego wydzielania kobaltu wyróżnić można trzy etapy. Etap I charakteryzuje się nieznacznym wzrostem pH; czas trwania tego etapu zależy od stężenia kobaltu w roztworze; wydzielony kobalt ściśle przylega do katody, jest gładki i błyszczący. Etap II to gwałtowny spadek pH katolitu i pojawienie się pierwszych pęcherzyków wodoru (pH𕚵.0). Etap III – elektroliza przebiega przy ciągłym, niewielkim, zmniejszaniu się pH katolitu; kobalt katodowy zaczyna odstawać od podłoża, jest ciemny z licznymi wgłębieniami; wydajność prądowa spada i wynosi 90%. 3) Stwierdzono, że zmiana konstrukcji elektrolizera polegająca na wprowadzeniu przestrzeni buforowych, oddzielających katolit od anolitu pozwala na wydłużenie I etapu elektrolizy, który jest najkorzystniejszy dla procesu wydzielania kobaltu.
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