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Conflict management we „wspólnym sąsiedztwie” Unii Europejskiej i Rosji : między soft i hard power

Legucka A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2013

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nr 4(93)

113-147

EN

The goal of this study is to analyse the involvement of the EU and Russia in conflict management in the ‘shared neighbourhood’, i.e. the six East European and South Caucasus countries (Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia). Due to the broad understanding of conflict management, which may relate to political, economic, ethnic and armed conflicts, this analysis will focus on managing only the latter. In the case of the discussed region, this means the conflicts in: Transnistria, Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia, including the August 2008 war between Georgia and Russia. The comparison of the EU and Russian armed conflict managing actions allows for determining the efficiency of soft and hard power used by these two international actors. The European Union received the 2012 Nobel Peace Prize for having contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights. Therefore, it seems important to answer the following question: Can its experience benefit the EU in managing the post-Soviet region?

2

Rola Polski w kształtowaniu bezpieczeństwa zewnętrznego Unii Europejskiej w ramach Partnerstwa Wschodniego

Legucka A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2011

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nr 2(83)

398-415

EN

The aim of this article is to present Poland’s role in the creation of the European Union's external security. Poland supports the Eastern Partnership countries such as Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine and Belarus. The theory of international roles allows evaluating the international activity of Poland and the European Union in the eastern neighborhood. The best-known international roles are the following: the expected role (elected or imposed), the declared one and the implemented one. Polish security in the EU depends on the stability of the eastern neighborhood and it is important to support reforms in these countries, as well as their integration into Euro-Atlantic structures.

3

Europejska Polityka Bezpieczeństwa i Obrony w realizacji polityki sąsiedztwa Unii Europejskiej

Legucka A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2008

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nr 3(72)

17-32

EN

The article analyses the possibilities of shaping security in the European Union’s closest neighbourhood: starting with the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), instruments that it has on its disposal and the effects of EU efforts in respective EU external regions. Due to the fact that the EU neighbourhood is differentiated, the EU has different possibilities to affect the stability and development of eastern, southern and northern regions. The EU has a different approach towards countries aspiring to EU membership (the Balkans, Turkey) and towards countries which have not been presented with the European perspectives (eastern and Mediterranean countries), The latter ones were grouped in the European Neighbourhood Policy concept in 2004, In the ENP assumptions, the EU desires, among others, to prevent conflicts, respond to crises and organise peace operations. This means that European Neighbourhood Policy is connected with the European Security and Defence Policy. The author gives examples of the EU support for stabilisation, monitoring, technical, military and civilian missions and tries to show their effectiveness.

4

Instytucjonalizacja współpracy polsko-ukraińskiej w sferze bezpieczeństwa

Legucka A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2007

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nr 1(66)

142-164

EN

The article describes the main trends in relations between Poland and Ukraine in the sphere of security at the turn of the century. The author stresses the importance of a new dimension in bilateral relations, strongly characterized by fruitful cooperation of two neighboring countries. Institutionalization of these relations was achieved on a solid basis of juridical instruments and the creation of various common bodies and committees. Even joint military units were established - the Polish-Ukrainian Battalion (POLUKRBAT) is an example of an unit successfully deployed in a crisis response operation, i.e. Kosovo. Special attention was given to follow-up of a military cooperation, this time through fighting the terrorism in Iraq. For the author, Polish-Ukrainian bilateral cooperation shows that the notion of a “strategic partnership ” has meaning.

5

„Pomarańczowa rewolucja” : wybór strategiczny w polityce zagranicznej i bezpieczeństwa Ukrainy

Legucka A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2006

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nr 2(63)

39-51

EN

„The orange authorities” in Ukraine made a turn in its foreign and security policy. Then conducted multidirectional policy, by some malicious called “indecision” policy, was replaced by a single strategic aim - integration with European and Euro-Atlantic structures, i.e. the European Union and NATO. The President of Ukraine, Victor Yushchenko underlines that reaching this goal is not aimed against the Russian Federation, which still remains Ukraine’s "strategic partner" mainly in the economic area. The Ukrainians are aware that European integration may not take place swiftly as it requires many internal reforms and changes in the legislature of the state. The coalition government from the Orange Revolution period does not have majority in Ukraine’s Supreme Council. After a possible victory in the parliamentary election in March 2006, the government will be able to push systemic reforms in the parliament. Currently Victor Yushchenko is trying to fulfil some promises concerning internal policy he made before the elections, namely raising the lowest pensions, changes in constitution and electoral regulations, "cleansing the staff", fighting corruption, ceasing to abuse the media. The latter ones more and more often criticize the authorities’ moves, but, actually, this is what democracy is about. The Orange Ukraine has bigger chances to keep the direction to build democracy and free market economy with support from the West. However, the European Union does not see a possibility of Ukraine’s European integration. The EU representatives do not want to delude the Ukrainians with empty promises. Paradoxically, Ukraine has more chances to enter NATO, but the Ukrainian society is not greatly interested in such a solution. There are many factors that will decide if the direction towards the European integration becomes firm.

6

Wschodni wymiar Unii Europejskiej jako wyzwanie dla polityki bezpieczeństwa Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej

Legucka A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2004

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nr 2(55)

92-103

EN

Eastern Dimension is a programme proposed by Polish diplomacy of complex EU co-operation with Russia, Ukraine, Byelorus and, in future, Moldova. It concerns a regional comprehensive strategy of activities for stability and security of the European Union’s eastern environment. It is built basing on the EU experiences of Northern Dimension that includes north-eastern regions of Europe and other EU regional policies. The post-Russian area is still perceived as unstable. Therefore the activities for spreading democratic values, free market principles and civil control of the armed forces have weigh a great importance for the security of Poland and the whole European Union. After 1 May 2004, Warsaw has better possibilities to conduct security policy that concentrates on improving the relations with the eastern neighbours but without any clear perspective of their membership in the EU. The author defines the notions of the Eastern Dimension, main assumptions and proposed mechanisms of EU co-operation with its eastern neighbours. She analyses the chances of EU Eastern Dimension’s success basing on present relations between the EU and Russia, Ukraine, Byelorus and also Polish experiences in contacts with these countries. A particular attention should be drawn to Polish - Ukrainian strategic partnership that may be the basis to develop similar relations with Russia and Byelorus on a larger European forum.