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Wyzwania w kontekście migracji i kryzys na granicy polsko-białoruskiej

Śliwa Zdzisław, Olech Aleksander Ksawery

Wiedza Obronna

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2022

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nr 1

87--105

PL

Migracja ludności to zjawisko społeczne, które wpływało i wpływa na rozwój cywilizacji, organizacji międzynarodowych i państw. Historycznie jest ono powodowane wieloma czynnikami wewnętrznymi i zewnętrznymi. Kryzys migracyjny w 2021 roku wyraźnie wskazał na możliwość jego wykorzystania jako elementu niemilitarnego, agresywnego oddziaływania na inne państwa poniżej progu wojny. Migracja inspirowana i finansowana przez Białoruś oraz wspierana przez Rosję służyła dążeniu do destabilizacji sytuacji wewnętrznej w Polsce oraz na Litwie, a pośrednio w Unii Europejskiej. Artykuł omawia wpływmigracji na bezpieczeństwo isytuację wewnętrzną Unii oraz podejmuje omówienie kryzysu na granicy Polsko - Białoruskiej jako studium przypadku. W publikacji zastosowano jakościowe metody badawcze w oparciu o dostępne źródła naukowe odnoszące się do teorii i praktycznego wymiaru omawianej problematyki. Wstępna analiza zakłada, że reagowanie na kryzysy migracyjne, jako zjawisko bezpośrednio wpływające na funkcjonowanie demokratycznych społeczeństw, wskazuje na brak przygotowania państw oraz ograniczoną jedność działania organizacji w relacji do przyczyn i skutków.

EN

Migration is a social phenomenon that influences the development of civilization, international organizations and countries. It is caused by many internal and external factors. The migration crisis in 2021 clearly indicated the possibility of its use as an element of non-military, aggressive influence on other countries, seen also as below the threshold of war. Migration inspired and financed by Belarus and supported by Russia served to destabilize the internal situation in Poland and Lithuania, and indirectly in the European Union. The article discusses the impact of migration on the security and internal situation of the European Union, and discusses the crisis on the Polish-Belarusian border as a case study. The publication uses qualitative research methods based on available scientific sources relating to the theory and practical dimension of the discussed issues. The preliminary analysis assumes that responding to migration crises, as a phenomenon directly affecting the functioning of democratic societies, indicates the lack of preparation of states and the limited unity of the organization's operation in relation to the causes and effects.

2

The synergy between technology and soldiers in warfare : the Russian armed forces image during the war in Ukraine

Śliwa Zdzisław

Wiedza Obronna

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2022

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nr 4

53--70

EN

The technology has impacted all the domains of human life and one of them are military affairs. The combination of sophisticated technologies and human capacities has created new qualities based on training and education allowing to achieve advantage over less developed nations. On the contemporary battlefield this combination of people and modern weapons could cause success or lead to failure if not achieved. The range of emerging military technologies is very wide including reducing dependency on people enhancing combat efficiency. However, the technological culture of societies matters to ensure that qualified personnel could operate such a variety of systems. This is related to the values of a society and respect for other people and nations facilitating understanding and following the rules and laws, which are recognized in democratic and civilized societies. The war in Ukraine has demonstrated the importance of synergy between technology and soldiers especially when comparing the Ukrainian and Russian armed forces. There is a different perception of those armed forces based on their performance during war. The paper will focus on the Russian way of conducting aggression against sovereign Ukraine to discuss two aspects of the Russian Federation’s armed forces: technology and the human factor. The paper will use official documents and data within primary and secondary research allowing analysing and synthesising specific aspects of Russian efficiency during war.

3

Toward Comprehensive Defense: The Case of the Baltic States since 2014

Śliwa Zdzisław, Kalinowski Romuald, Petraitis Daivis

Safety & Defense

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2021

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3

71--81

EN

This article provides an assessment of the defense efforts undertaken by Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania since 2014. This analysis is focused on national efforts in the field of military defense and societal resilience. The assessment of defense efforts undertaken by the Baltic states has been based on their pragmatic perception of threats, development of military capabilities, and preparations in the field of civil resilience. The research references publicly available governmental documents of the Baltic states, such as security and defense strategies and concepts, defense plans, and budgets. It discusses recent research and analytical works in the field of and defense of the Baltic states. The research suggests that despite national modalities, all of the Baltic states are implementing core elements of the comprehensive defense. Although there is solid progress in implementing comprehensive defense in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, there are still many challenges ahead.

4

Hybridity – a ‘new’ method to accomplish dominance

Elak Leszek, Śliwa Zdzisław

Security and Defence Quarterly

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2019

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Vol. 23, No. 1

3--22

EN

The term ‘hybrid warfare’ proved to be very popular among academics, military thinkers and professionals leading to a variety of defi nitions and approaches. It was linked with the new generation concept popularised by Russian military thought. The essence of the hybridity is not new, as using a combination of military and non-military instruments is as old as mankind and is recognised but interpreted diff erently. The paper examines both the concept and its implementation based on case studies and theoretical considerations. It debates possible ways of using it to confront targeted nations by a combination of a variety of tools and approaches.