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Effect of kaolinite modified with Co(II), Cu(II), and Ni(II) salts on selected properties of tread rubber blend

Pajtášová Mariana, Pecušová Beáta, Ondrušová Darina, Vavro Ján, Feriancová Andrea, Ďurišová Silvia, Dubec Andrej, Mičicová Zuzana, Klepka Tomasz Waldemar, Czarnecka-Komorowska Dorota

Polimery

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2024

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Vol. 69, nr 4

254--263

EN

Effect of kaolinite modified with Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) salts as a partial replacement for carbon black (1 and 8 phr) on the properties of the model tread rubber blend was examined. The blends were prepared in a two-stage process in a Brabender mixer at temperatures of 120°C and 100°C, respectively, with a constant mixing speed of 50 rpm. FT-IR confirmed the formation of copper hydroxyacetate monohydrate complex, which may indicate chemical interactions between rubber components and modified kaolinite. The filler improved technological parameters, tensile properties and hardness. Resistance to thermal aging has also increased.

PL

Zbadano wpływ kaolinitu modyfikowanego solami Cu(II), Co(II) i Ni(II) jako częściowego zamiennika sadzy (1 i 8 phr) na właściwości modelowej mieszanki gumowej bieżnika. Mieszanki przygotowano w dwuetapowym procesie w mieszalniku Brabender w temperaturze odpowiednio 120°C i 100°C, przy stałej prędkości mieszania 50 obr./min. Metodą FT-IR potwierdzono utworzenie kompleksu monohydratu hydroksyoctanu miedzi, co może świadczyć o oddziaływaniach chemicznych pomiędzy składnikami kauczuku i modyfikowanym kaolinitem. Napełniacz poprawił parametry przetwórcze, właściwości mechaniczne przy rozciąganiu i twardość. Zwiększyła się również odporność na starzenie termiczne.

2

Comparative Evaluation of the Selected Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composites Reinforced with Glass and Hemp Fabrics

Scheibe Mieczysław, Bryll Katarzyna, Brożek Piotr, Czarnecka-Komorowska Dorota, Sosnowski Mariusz, Grabian Janusz, Garbacz Tomasz

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2023

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Vol. 17, no 2

268--278

EN

The requirements of sustainable development of the economy force the replacement of the previously used composite materials in the production of elements not only with lighter, but also more durable materials. These materials should meet more and more stringent environmental protection requirements. This study aimed to determine the possibility of introducing a polymer structural composite reinforced with natural fiber into the structure of the hull of vessels instead of the commonly used polymer-glass composite (GFRP). The hemp fabric was used to reinforce the polymer matrix. The compared analysis of the physical properties of the classic GFRP composites with obtained new HFRP composites, i.e. density, impact strength, as well as resistance to static tensile and bending, was carried out. As a result of the performed analyzes and comparison of the results with the standards, it can be concluded that it is possible to apply a polymer-hemp (HFRP) composite for the shipbuilding and boatbuilding needs – limited to plating elements with medium and low strength requirements.

3

Microscopic Analysis of the Aluminium Castings Produced with the use of Polymer Composite Patterns

Czarnecka-Komorowska Dorota, Gawdzińska Katarzyna, Popielarski Paweł

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 22, iss. 3

113--117

EN

The paper presents a microscopic analysis of the surface and fracture of aluminium castings produced using the lost-wax method for patterns made of a composite material, i.e. polyethylene with the addition of bentonite. Castings are made of AlSi7 aluminium alloy (silumin) in a plaster mould. A new type of polymer waxes enriched with bentonite was used to obtain new composites, minimizing the defects caused by the casting production process. The castings were made in the centrifugal casting process. The prepared plaster moulds were removed from the furnace and poured with liquid aluminium alloy (AlSi7) at 750°C. The surface and fracture of the castings was analysed using an optical digital microscope type VHX-7000 manufactured by KEYENCE. It has been proven that the studied castings feature surface defects (raw surface defects) in the form of high roughness and the presence of bentonite inclusions classified as casting contamination. During the tests, shape defects related to mechanical damage were also.

4

Investigating the Effect of Photo-Oxidative Degradation on the Ageing Resistance of the Car Mudflaps Manufactured with Post-Production High-Density Polyethylene Wastes

Czarnecka-Komorowska Dorota, Swain Chandra, Kopeć Bogdan, Borowski Jacek, Garbacz Tomasz

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2022

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Vol. 16, no 4

38--47

EN

The paper presents the results of the ageing resistance of automotive mudflaps made of recycled polyethylene blends. The mudflaps were manufactured by a plastic sheet extrusion-calendaring process in Novotech Kostrzyn nad Odrą company. The changes of the mechanical properties in the tensile test and impact toughness test as well as in Shore hardness due to the accelerated aging process were characterized, taking into account the aging sensitivity coefficient (KI), and changes in the structure within the wavenumber range 4000-400 cm-1, taking into account the CI coefficient. The results showed a higher melting point and crystallinity for the recycled HDPE blends during photo-oxidative degradation. Moreover, the results presented decreased tensile strength and ductility, due to macromolecular chain scission caused by oxidation. It was found that the blends of HDPE based on recycled materials are more sensitive to the aging process than virgin HDPE. Finally, it can be concluded that the sensitivity to ageing blends increases with the increase of recycled HDPE content in the HDPE matrix.

5

Analysis and Assessment of Aluminum and Aluminum-Ceramic Foams Structure

Rogala Michał, Tuchowski Wojciech, Czarnecka-Komorowska Dorota, Gawdzińska Katarzyna

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2022

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Vol. 16, no 4

287--297

EN

The paper presents an analysis of the aluminum porous structure serving as a structural material used in the automotive or marine industry. The subject of the research is the analysis of the mechanical properties of the aluminum porous structure, in particular its ability to absorb energy. The paper presents a description of the manufacturing process, quality control in the form of a statistical capture of geometric parameters of the foam made, as well as an X-ray microanalysis of the chemical composition of EPMA-EDS and the dispersion of components within the structure. In addition, results of static axial compression analysis of aluminum and composite foam specimens are presented.

6

The composting of PLA/HNT biodegradable composites as an eco-approach to the sustainability

Czarnecka-Komorowska Dorota, Bryll Katarzyna, Kostecka Ewelina, Tomasik Malgorzata, Piesowicz Elżbieta, Gawdzińska Katarzyna

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2021

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Vol. 69, nr 2

art. no. e136720

EN

The article presents the results of the research related to the decomposition of polylactic acid (PLA)/halloysite nanotube (HNTs) biocomposites into a simple organic form. After manufacturing the nanocomposites, the evaluation of the composting process simulation was conducted using the biodegradation method. First, the selected properties of PLA/HNTs biocomposites, such as density, water absorption, and impact strength were tested. Next, the impact of the composting process on the behavior of PLA/HNTs composites was investigated from 30 to 90 days. Finally, the loss of mass of the composites, hardness, and the structural changes of biocomposites under the composting conditions before and after the composting were evaluated using SEM microscopy. The results showed that the PLA modified by HNT particles has biodegradation-friendly properties and therein is fully suitable for organic recycling. Due to this, in the coming years, it may contribute to the replacement of non-biodegradability polymers, i.e. polyolefins and polyesters, and reduction of plastic packaging wastes.

7

Automated test bench for research on electrostatic separation in plastic recycling application

Regulski Roman, Czarnecka-Komorowska Dorota, Jędryczka Cezary, Sędziak Dariusz, Rybarczyk Dominik, Netter Krzysztof, Barański Mariusz, Barczewski Mateusz

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2021

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Vol. 69, nr 2

art. no. e136719

EN

Many researchers in the developed countries have been intensively seeking effective methods of plastic recycling over the past years. Those techniques are necessary to protect our natural environment and save non-renewable resources. This paper presents the concept of an electrostatic separator designed as a test bench dedicated to the separation of mixed plastic waste from the automotive industry. According to the current policy of the European Union on the recycling process of the automotive industry, all these waste materials must be recycled further for re-entering into the life cycle (according to the circular economy). In this paper, the proposed concept and design of the test bench were offered the feasibility to conduct research and technological tests of the electrostatic separation process of mixed plastics. The designed test bench facilitated assessing the impact of positions of high-voltage electrodes, the value and polarity of the high voltage, the variable speed of feeders and drums, and also triboelectrification parameters (like time and intensity) on the process, among others. A specialized computer vision system has been proposed and developed to enable quick and reliable evaluation of the impact of process parameters on the efficiency of electrostatic separation. The preliminary results of the conducted tests indicated that the proposed innovative design of the research stand ensures high research potential, thanks to the high accuracy of mixed plastics in a short time. The results showed the significant impact of the corona electrode position and the value of the applied voltage on the separation process effectiveness. It can be concluded that the results confirmed the ability to determine optimally the values of the studied parameters, in terms of plastic separation effectiveness. This study showed that this concept of an electrostatic separator designed as a test bench dedicated for separation of mixed plastic waste can be widely applied in the recycling plastic industry.

8

Zrównoważone projektowanie opakowań z tworzyw sztucznych w gospodarce cyrkularnej

Czarnecka-Komorowska Dorota, Wiszumirska Karolina

Polimery

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2020

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T. 65, nr 1

8--17

PL

Przedstawiono współczesne problemy rynku opakowań z tworzyw sztucznych, wynikające ze zmian w ustawodawstwie Unii Europejskiej, wprowadzającym nowe podejście do gospodarki materiałami polimerowymi na każdym etapie ich cyklu życia. Opisano ideę Gospodarki o Obiegu Zamkniętym (GOZ, ang. Circular Economy) oraz rolę opakowań zrównoważonych w tym systemie. Przedstawiono najważniejsze zasady ekoprojektowania opakowań polimerowych w aspekcie ograniczenia powstawania odpadów i przydatności opakowań do odzysku na drodze recyklingu materiałowego. Ekoprojektowanie opakowań z tworzyw sztucznych ujęte w koncepcji Gospodarki o Obiegu Zamkniętym może wkrótce stać się istotnym czynnikiem przewagi konkurencyjnej w branży opakowaniowej.

EN

The article presents contemporary problems on the plastic packaging market, resulting from changes in the legislation of the European Union, introducing a new approach to the management of polymer materials at every stage of the life cycle. The idea of a Circular Economy (CE) has been described and issues related to packaging materials. Presented are the most important principles of eco-design of polymer packaging, in the aspect of reducing the formation of packaging waste and the suitability of packaging for recovery through material recycling. The eco-design of plastic packaging included in the Circular Economy concept may soon become a significant competitive advantage in the packaging industry.

9

A review of composite materials used in brake disc pad manufacturing process

Szymański Paweł, Czarnecka-Komorowska Dorota, Gawdzińska Katarzyna, Trubas Aleksandra, Kostecka Ewelina

Composites Theory and Practice

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2020

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R. 20, nr 2

60--66

EN

This article presents the conditions and factors influencing the performance and requirements of brake disc materials. The wear resistance of brake discs must be as high as possible since the reliability of brakes is a fundamental factor affecting the safety of the object in motion. The influence of temperature on the materials was also analyzed, and materials were selected for brake disc components. This article is a research and review study. The article describes studies performed on a flat single disc brake. The authors presented the abrasive wear rate for the tested composites (AlSi12/carbon and AlSi12/aluminosilicates) before and after heat treatment (solution heat treatment at 520°C/4 h and aging at 220°C/4 h). Abrasive wear resistance tests were carried out using a TRN S/N 18-324 device from CSM Instruments, combined with the TriboX v.2.96 system according to the description from the US in the ASTM G 99-90 standard.

PL

Przedstawiono warunki i czynniki wpływające na działanie oraz wymagania dotyczące materiałów tarcz hamulcowych. Odporność na zużycie tarcz hamulcowych musi być jak najwyższa, ponieważ niezawodność hamulców jest podstawowym czynnikiem wpływającym na bezpieczeństwo poruszającego się obiektu. Przeanalizowano także wpływ temperatury na MMC i zaprezentowano materiały na elementy tarczy hamulcowej. Artykuł ten ma charakter przeglądowy. Opisano w nim jedynie badania autorów przedstawiające wskaźnik zużycia ściernego dla metalowych materiałów kompozytowych (AlSi12/węgiel i AlSi12/glinokrzemian) przed i po obróbce cieplnej (obróbka cieplna wygrzewanie w temperaturze 520°C/4 godziny i starzenie w temperaturze 220°C/4 godziny). Testy odporności na zużycie ścierne wykonano z użyciem urządzenia TRN S/N 18-324, CSM Instruments, w połączeniu z systemem TriboX v.2.96 zgodnie z normą ASTM G 99-90.

10

Films LDPE/LLDPE made from post – consumer plastics: processing, structure, mechanical properties

Czarnecka-Komorowska Dorota, Wiszumirska Karolina, Garbacz Tomasz

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2018

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Vol. 12, no 3

134--142

EN

The paper presents the results of the investigation into the themo-mechanical, rheological and structural properties of films made from recycled polyethylenes in the “foil-to-foil” system, the comparative material were films made from primary raw materials. The films were prepared by melt mixing technique in a single screw extruder. Primary polyethylenes, recyclates and their blends were used. The aim of the research was to determine the quality of the materials derived from the closed process of the recycling of polyethylene film in comparison to virgin plastics. The mechanical properties of the films were measured by tensile test and puncture test. The morphology was studied using polarized light microscopy (POM) and FT-IR measurements. DSC and shrinkage were used to determine thermal behavior and the degree of crystallinity. The results showed that the obtained recycled blends rLDPE/rLLDPE are high-quality material with good processing properties susceptible to the production of thin films. Studies on the mechanical properties of the recycled blends showed an increase in tensile strength and elongation. An increase in the melting temperature and heat of fusion, as determined from DSC, was observed with an increase in the recycled blends. Puncture results demonstrated that the post-consumer recycled film was more strength than the film made from virgin plastics. Thus, these materials may serve as valuable recycled plastics useful for packaging applications.