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Field trip in the Kashmir Himalaya : report

Łajczak A., Pawlik Ł.

Landform Analysis

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2017

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Vol. 35

13--16

EN

This report contains short information about the geomorphological field trip in the Kashmir Himalaya. The guided trip program includes the following issues: the tectonic characteristics of the relief of the valleys, the sedimentation effects of the high-energy rivers, the mass movements, and the extent of the fluvioglacial and glacial forms, the wide river channel of a high-energy river covered in rock blocks, the genesis of the Kashmir Basin, the recession moraines, the wide braided channels of rivers, and the structure of the flood plain.

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Wiatrowały i wiatrołomy w lasach Nadleśnictwa Wałbrzych w świetle analizy danych z SILP w środowisku GIS oraz ocena efektów powierzchniowych procesu saltacji wykrotowej w Górach Suchych, Sudety Środkowe

Pawlik Ł.

Landform Analysis

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2015

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Vol. 28

61--72

PL

W artykule przedstawiono charakterystykę wiatrowałów i wiatrołomów powstałych w latach 2002–2011 w lasach Nadleśnictwa Wałbrzych. Dodatkowo wiatrowały, utożsamiane w geomorfologii z procesem saltacji (denudacji) wykrotowej, zostały szczegółowo scharakteryzowane na poligonie badawczym w Górach Suchych (Sudety Środkowe) obejmującym stoki Kopicy (786 m n.p.m.) i Czarnka (868 m n.p.m.), gdzie w latach 2009–2012 wykonano kartowanie geomorfologiczne, pomiar karp powalonych drzew i pomiar form akumulacyjnych powstałych w obrębie karp. Największe zniszczenia w drzewostanach Nadleśnictwa Wałbrzych powstały podczas orkanu Cyryl 18–19 stycznia 2007 r. Efekty tego orkanu były kartowane i analizowane w obrębie Kopicy i Czarnka. Do analiz regionalnych wykorzystano dane archiwizowane przez Lasy Państwowe w bazie SILP (System Informatyczny Lasów Państwowych). Kubaturę (w m3) wykrotów i drzew złamanych przez silny wiatr analizowano w środowisku GIS na bazie mapy wektorowej Nadleśnictwa Wałbrzych. Następnie wykonano kartogramy zniszczeń w drzewostanach wyrażone kubaturą pozyskanych wiatrowałów i wiatrołomów na jednostkę powierzchni (m3 ha–1). W 149 przypadkach w pełni pomierzonych karp (ich szerokość, wysokość i miąższość), na 200 skartowanych, obliczono ich objętości, których średnia wartość wyniosła 4,2 m3. Na podstawie sporządzonych kartogramów stwierdzono, że największa intensywność procesu saltacji wykrotowej miała miejsce na stokach Czarnka. Jednak ze względu na pożar jaki w 2008 objął masę drewna zakumulowaną na jego stokach po orkanie Cyryl nie była możliwa pełna ocena efektów tego procesu. Jednocześnie stwierdzono znaczne przyspieszenie degradacji karp w tym miejscu w porównaniu do karp w obrębie Kopicy.

EN

In this paper we present a characteristic of uprootings and wind broken trees in the Wałbrzych Forest District between 2002 and 2011. Additionally, windthrows, which in geomorphology are commonly identified as a direct effect of the tree uprooting process, were analysed in detail within a research site in the Suche Mountains, the Middle Sudetes. The site covers the slopes of Kopica (786 m a.s.l.) and Czarnek (868 m a.s.l.) hills, where between 2009 and 2012 geomorphic mapping and measurements of the root plates of fallen trees and various depositional forms associated with them, were conducted. The most severe wind damage in the Wałbrzych Forest District was caused by a windstorm, called Kyrill, which occurred on the 18th and 19th January 2007. Its effects were mapped and analysed at the Kopica and Czarnek study sites. Additionally, for regional analysis information from SILP database was used (SILP – Information System of the State Forests National Forest Holding). The volume of uprootings and snapped trees, measured in m3, was analysed in GIS software with the use of a vector layer with polygons of the forested areas of the Wałbrzych Forest District. Subsequently, a set of choropleth maps was prepared, showing wind damage in the forests by means of the volume of windthrows and wind snapped trees per unit area (m3 ha–1). In the study site, 149 root plates, out of 200 mapped, were fully measured (width, height and thickness) allowing calculation of their mean volume, which was 4.2 m3. Based on the choropleth maps we show that the highest intensity of tree uprooting took place on the Czarnek hillslopes. However, due to a 2008 fire which burnt the wood accumulated there after the Kyrill windstorm the full evaluation of the tree uprooting effects was constrained. At the same time the Czarnek site showed a significant speeding up of root plates degradation, as compared with the Kopica site.

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Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) of pit-and-mound microrelief, Mt Rogowa Kopa case study, the Stołowe Mountains, SW Poland

Pawlik Ł., Kasprzak M.

Landform Analysis

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2015

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Vol. 29

41--47

EN

This article presents results of geophysical analyses based on electrical imaging of slope mantles with pit-and-mound microtopography developed on the Rogowa Kopa hillslope in the Stołowe Mountains, SW Poland. The use of two dimensional electrical resistivity tomography (2D ERT) to non-invasive analyses of the hillslope microrelief allowed completing previous results of geomorphological and soil studies. The tomograms (inversion results) acquired across individual forms of treethrow pits and mounds can be interpreted according to regolith thickness and its wetness, but also smaller features such as relict and fresh tree root systems detected in the mounds. These features were compared to a general picture of geoelectrical resistivity measured in the main cross-section of the analyzed hillslope. The differences in slope cover characteristics observed on the tomograms confirm important role of the tree uprooting process in formation of some basic features of the regolith and soils, including their uneven redistribution across the hillslope.

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Biogenic imprint on hillslopes in the Sudety Mts. — origin and consequences of the tree uprooting process

Pawlik Ł.

Studia Geomorphologica Carpatho-Balcanica

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2014

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Vol. 48

17--34

EN

The main subject of this article is the tree uprooting process and its effects on forested hillslopes in the Sudety Mts. The research has been carried out between 2010 and 2012 in the Karkonosze National Park (KNP), Stołowe Mountains National Park (SMNP) and Suche Mts. The methods included: detailed geomorphological mapping and measurements of root plates of recently fallen trees and relict treethrow mounds and pits (called pit-and-mound microtopography), their qualitative description and measurements of diameter at breast height (dbh) of uprooted tree trunks. The mean root plate volume was 0.3–1.4 m3 in the KNP, 2.4–4.0 m3 in the Suche Mts. and 0.6 m3 in the SMNP. The mean treethrow mound volume was almost equal in the two selected study sites, ca. 1.6 m3, the SMNP and Suche Mts. The research revealed a mosaic of forms that can be directly attributed to tree uprooting: created after deposition of root plates (various accumulation forms below them) or following their subsequent degradation e .g. gravel armours on rain washed treethrow mound surfaces, rock fragment veneers consisting of coarse fragments of regolith and bedrock. In the latter case, because tree root systems frequently penetrated regolith and fractured bedrock they were able to uplift (‘mine’) larger clasts during tree uprooting. The mean longest edge of such rock fragments was 16 cm in the Suche Mts., 26 cm in the SMNP and 33–56 cm in the KNP. It has been shown that tree uprooting can contribute to the evolution of regolith and soils and it is an important factor of their disturbances. This reflects results from other sites in the World. However, in the Sudety Mts. the significance of tree uprooting has been validated only locally and it is suggested that its importance decreases proportionally to the area under consideration. Here, biogenic transport is limited to treethrow pits on gentle hillslopes but can be much more effective at steeper sites.

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Przekształcenia powierzchni stokowych w Sudetach w wyniku procesu saltacji wykrotowej

Pawlik Ł.

Landform Analysis

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2012

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Vol. 20

79-94

PL

W artykule przedstawiono dotychczasowe wyniki badań nad saltacją wykrotową w piętrze regla dolnego i górnego polskiej części Sudetów. Badania przeprowadzono na trzech wybranych obszarach w obrębie Gór Suchych, Gór Stołowych i Karkonoszy. Ze względu na charakter poligonów badawczych i stopień zachowania form posaltacyjnych przyjęto odmienne metody badawcze dla każdego z nich. Średnia objętość materiału przemieszczonego wraz z systemem korzeniowym każdego powalonego drzewa wyniosła w Górach Suchych 4 m3 . Pomiary reliktowych form zagłębień i kopców ziemnych na poligonie badawczym w Górach Stołowych wykazały stopień pokrycia powierzchni stoku rzędu 4,7%. Rezultaty pomiarów tempa degradacji karp powalonych drzew w Karkonoszach mieszczą się w bardzo szerokim zakresie od 2 do 61 g dobę–1 . Jednocześnie w Karkonoszach stwierdzono, że razem z systemem korzeniowym drzew przemieszczeniu ulegają nawet fragmenty skalne frakcji blokowej. Stopień przekształcenia powierzchni stoku oraz wpływ saltacji wykrotowej na inne procesy geomorfologiczne i komponenty środowiska leśnego wskazuje, że odgrywa ona szczególną rolę w systemie denudacyjnym stoku zalesionego. Jednocześnie nadal nieznany jest zakres, w jakim proces ten wpływa na denudacyjny bilans stoku. Ze względu na stopień zaawansowania badań w Sudetach oraz na innych obszarach Polski rozwiązanie tego zagadnienia wymaga znacznie większego zbioru danych ilościowych, co implikuje kontynuację pomiarów terenowych i dalszą analizę uzyskanych wyników.

EN

This article presents preliminary results of the study on the tree uprooting process in the lower and upper montane belt in the Polish part of the Sudetes Mts., SW Poland. The fieldwork was carried out in three different research sites set up in the Suche, Stołowe and Karkonosze Mts. Because of the character of these locations, mainly the degree of deterioration of so called pit-and-mound microtopography, different research methods were applied. The research is currently at various degree of progress in each site and requires further continuation. However, some preliminary results are already available. Mean volume of transported soil-weathering material in the root plate of each uprooted tree was 4 m3 in the Suche Mts. In the Stołowe Mts. pit-and-mound microtopography covers 4.7% of the research polygon and calculated mean volume of the mounds and pits were 1.7 and 1.6 m3 respectively. Values of the root plates deterioration in the Karkonosze Mts. are between 2 and 61 g day-1, with the smallest rate recorded during a cold season (from November to May). Simultaneously, together with the root systems of fallen trees even boulders of granite bedrock ( greater than 1 m of diameter) were exposed above the ground in the area. The observable degree of the hillslope surface disturbance due to tree uprooting, its influence on other geomorphological processes and forest environmental components suggests that the tree uprooting process performs a very distinct and significant role in the denudation system of forested hillslopes in the Polish Sudetes. However, it is still unknown to what extent the process affects the denudation balance, and for a proper evaluation of this issue further field studies and data are necessary.