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1
Content available Przeobrażone rytmity siarczkowe w piaskowcu białego spągowca z kopalni Rudna
Radliński M., Sawłowicz Z.
Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego
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2017
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nr 468
61--78
PL
Badano dwa profile piaskowca z kopalni Rudna, zawierające rytmity siarczkowe o różnym składzie siarczków miedzi i stopniu przeobrażenia. W badaniach wykorzystano metody mikroskopii optycznej i elektronowej (SEM-EDS) oraz XRD. Rytmity w pierwszym badanym profilu RZA są zbudowane z siarczków miedzi (gł. digenit), silnie zmienionych przez wtórne procesy do kowelinu i atacamitu. Pierwotne rytmity powstały prawdopodobnie przez oddziaływanie siarkowodoru z łupku miedzionośnego na roztwory miedzionośne w piaskowcu. Rozległe powstawanie atacamitu było prawdopodobnie wynikiem wietrzenia w warunkach kopalnianych, chociaż inne możliwości powstania też są rozważone. Rytmity w drugim profilu RGM są zbudowane z siarczków Cu i Fe (bornit, chalkopiryt) i pirytu. Ten odmienny skład mineralny może być wynikiem reakcji siarkowodoru z nadległego łupku z roztworami zawierającymi Cu i Fe. Żelazo w tych roztworach było prawdopodobnie wynikiem rozpuszczania obecnego w piaskowcu pirytu lub monosiarczków żelaza. Na pierwotną mineralizację siarczkową w obu profilach jest nałożona wtórna mineralizacja kruszcowa o nieco odmiennym składzie.
EN
Two cross-sections of Weissliegend sandstones with copper sulphide rhythmic banding from the Rudna Mine were studied. Analyses were performed using optical polarizing (PLM) and scanning electron (SEM-EDS) microscopy and XRD. The rhythmites have different sulphide compositions and they have undergone different alterations. In the RZA cross-section, the rhythmites are composed of copper sulphides, mainly digenite, strongly altered to covellite and atacamite by secondary processes. Primary rhythmites were probably formed via a reaction between hydrogen sulphide from the overlying shale and copper-bearing solutions in the sandstone. Weathering and mining waters were probably responsible for extensive atacamite formation, although other possibilities are also considered. In the RGM cross-section, the rhythmites are composed of Cu–Fe sulphides (bornite and chalcopyrite) and pyrite. This distinct mineralogy may result from a reaction of hydrogen sulphide from the overlying shale with copper- and iron-bearing solutions. Dissolution of pyrite or iron monosulphides present in the sandstone could enrich the solutions in iron. Primary ore mineralization was overlapped by secondary mineralization of slightly different composition.
2
Content available Masywna mineralizacja siarczkami miedzi w dolomitach z kopalni Lubin (monoklina przedsudecka)
Król P., Sawłowicz Z.
Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego
|
2017
|
nr 468
29--47
PL
Masywna mineralizacja kruszcowa występująca w dolomitach z przedsudeckiego złoża miedzi została opisana szczegółowo po raz pierwszy. W badaniach trzech profili z kopalni Lubin wykorzystano metody mikroskopii optycznej i elektronowej mikroskopii skanningowej z analizą chemiczną w mikroobszarze, katodoluminescencji oraz dyfraktometrii rentgenowskiej. Mineralizacja masywna, składająca się głównie z chalkozynu z domieszką kalcytu, występuje w skałach węglanowych (dolomitach i dedolomitach) w formie poziomej pseudożyły, podścielonej lokalnie brekcją ilasto-węglanową i łupkiem. Niżejległe dolomity uległy częściowej kalcytyzacji (dedolomityzacji). Różne generacje kalcytu szczegółowo scharakteryzowano. Zaproponowano model powstania mineralizacji masywnej. Początkowo mezotektoniczne ruchy międzywarstwowe spowodowały powstanie rozwarstwień i brekcji. Następnie proces kalcytyzacji doprowadził do dedolomityzacji oraz częściowego wypełnienia spękania. Całkowite wypełnienie spękań oraz częściowe zastąpienie w nich kalcytu oraz skał otaczających nastąpiły w wyniku działalności roztworów kruszconośnych.
EN
Massive ore mineralization in dolomites is described for the first time from the Fore-Sudetic copper deposits. Three cross- -sections from the Lubin Mine were studied using polarized optical (PLM) and scanning electron (SEM-EDS) microscopy, also cathodoluminescence (CL) and XRD. Massive mineralization, composed mainly of chalcocite with calcite admixture, occurs in dolomites as horizontal pseudovein, locally underlain by clay-carbonate breccia and shale. Underlying dolomites were partly calcitized (dedolomitized). Various calcite generations are characterized in detail. A model of the formation of massive mineralization is proposed. Mesotectonic intralayer movements caused the cracking of dolomite layers and the formation of breccia. Calcitization led to both dedolomitization and the partial infilling of cracks. Mineralizing fluids infilled the cracks completely, partly replacing calcite and adjacent rocks.
3
Content available Bakterie magnetotaktyczne i ich minerały
Sawłowicz Z.
Przegląd Geologiczny
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2016
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Vol. 64, nr 5
328--337
EN
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) produce magnetic minerals, magnetite (Fe3O4) and greigite (Fe3S4) in their cells. These magnetosome crystals form chains which allow bacterial cells to align with the Earth magnetic field. Magneto-aerotaxis allows bacteria to find optimal growth conditions in the water column. MTB species and their habitats are described, along with the description of minerals and the origin of magnetosomes. Fossil MTB are used to solve different geological problems they especially influence rock magnetism. Cultured magnetotactic bacteria and their nanominerals find more and more applications in many disciplines.
4
Content available Colourful speleothems in the Wieliczka Salt Mine
Sawłowicz Z., Przybyło J., Boroń K.
Geological Quarterly
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2014
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Vol. 58, No. 3
449--458
EN
Secondary halite deposits in the Wieliczka Salt Mine are represented by various forms of speleothems. Some of them, e.g. stalactites, cauliflowers or crusts, reveal various hues, yellow to red to brown. These hues are related to iron compounds, but the forms, occurrence and composition of these compounds has not previously been studied. To explain the origin of their colours a detailed study of samples collected in the mine, including brines and water soluble extracts and produced experimentally in the laboratory, has been undertaken using SEM, XRD and AAS. The colourful speleothems are compared, using SEM-EDS, with the forms and composition of rusting metal artefacts, where several iron oxide minerals have been identified. We suggest that coloured halite is generally pure halite of which the surface was covered by a ferric minerals suspension in the brine. Colours of the speleothems stem from the various colours of iron minerals whereas their intensity is related probably to the type of fluid that coated the crystals, a continuous film or finely dispersed micron-size mineral aggregates.
5
Content available Mineralogiczno-geochemiczna charakterystyka produktów korozji żelaza z Kopalni Soli "Wieliczka"
Malinowski Ł., Sawłowicz Z., Przybyło J.
Geologia / Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie
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2010
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T. 36, z. 3
313-329
PL
Korozja jest to proces stopniowego fizykochemicznego niszczenia metali pod wpływem działania środowiska otaczającego (przeważnie ciekłego i gazowego). Jednym z nich jest środowisko o podwyższonych zasoleniu, w którym proces ten zachodzi wyjątkowo szybko. Próbki do badań zostały pobrane w czasie kilku zjazdów do Kopalni Soli "Wieliczka". Były to różne metalowe fragmenty (rury, łańcuch, zawory). Makroskopowo zaobserwowano, że pobrane próbki uległy korozji w różnym stopniu: częściowo lub całkowicie. W próbkach, które uległy korozji całkowicie wydzielono dwie główne jej warstwy (warstwę zewnętrzną "A" oraz wewnętrzną "B"). Każda warstwa następnie została podzielona na dwie podwarstwy. Dodatkowo wyróżniono czarne pęcherze, które powstały głównie na fragmencie łańcucha. Wykonane badania XRD wykazały, że minerały budujące poszczególne warstwy to: akaganeit, hematyt, goethyt, halit, lepidokrokit oraz magnetyt. Skład mineralny poszczególnych warstw w znacznym stopniu wpływa na ich zabarwienie. W mikroskopie skaningowym z systemem analitycznym EDS wyróżniono w warstwach różne formy morfologiczne o zróżnicowanym składzie chemicznym.
EN
Corrosion is a process of physico-chemical destruction of metals under the influence of surrounding environment. In a salt mine, where the salinity of air and water is high, the destruction is very fast and efficient. Metal fragments (pipes, chain), at different progress of corrosion, were collected underground in the Wieliczka Salt Mine. Two main layers of corrosion were distinguished (external "A" and internal "B"), each of them was further subdivided into two sublayers. In addition, black blebs, present on the surface of different metal fragments, were studied. XRD determinations showed that the studied layers were composed of different amounts of: akaganeite, hematite, goethite, halite, magnetite, and subordinate amounts of lepidocrockite. The mineral composition greatly affects the color of the layers. SEM-EDS studies revealed various morphological forms of different chemical composition.
6
Content available Remarks on the origin of cerussite in the Upper Silesian Zn-Pb deposits, Poland
Szczerba M., Sawłowicz Z.
Mineralogia
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2009
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Vol. 40, iss. 1/4
53--64
EN
Cerussite, the most important oxidized lead mineral in the Upper Silesian Zn-Pb deposits, occurs in two readily distinct types: fine-grained cerussite replacing galena in-situ and macrocrystalline cerussite filling open fractures and cavities. Microscopic observations and thermodynamic considerations lead to the conclusion that galena can be oxidized to lead carbonate directly, not necessarily through an intermediate sulphate phase. Locally present iron sulphides undergoing oxidation acidify solutions and provide ferric ions which are important oxidizing agents. In such microenvironments, anglesite can preferentially form. Cerussite and galena commonly coexist together with non-oxidized zinc sulphides. It is difficult to explain such assemblages if galvanic couplings made of these two sulphides are not considered. These couplings are only formed when these two sulphides are in direct contact. In such an assemblage, galena undergoes oxidation, mostly to cerussite, and sphalerite is passivated. When there is no direct contact between sulphides, the galvanic couplings do not exist. Galena surfaces become covered by oxidation products which inhibit further oxidation. As such a cover does not form on sphalerite, it can be easily oxidized.
7
Content available Mineralization of teeth and bones of the cave bear (Ursus spelaeus) from the Biśnik Cave, Southern Poland
Rogóż A., Sawłowicz Z., Socha P., Stefaniak K.
Mineralogia
|
2009
|
Vol. 40, iss. 1/4
65--84
EN
The studied bones and teeth of the cave bear (Ursus spelaeus) come from the Biśnik Cave, located in the Częstochowa Upland (Southern Poland). The specimens originate from different geological layers formed since the Odra Glaciation (250–270 thousand years BP). The fossilized bones and teeth were studied using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, and INAA. They are built of recrystallized carbonate-rich apatite-(CaOH) and/or apatite-(CaOH). The teeth additionally contain some apatite-(CaF). The lack of collagen and minor REE contents suggest rapid burial and collagen decay in the early stage of diagenesis. The bones and teeth have only limited mineral infillings. In some teeth, Mn-Fe (hydroxy)oxides were found in the dentine canaliculi and in bones, some osteocyte lacunae contain Fe (hydroxy)oxides with admixture of Mn. In one bone specimen, calcite infillings are present in Haversian canals. The infillings formed during later stages of diagenesis and were succeeded by non-filled cracks.
8
Content available Geochemistry of Middle Jurassic mudstones (Kraków-Częstochowa area, southern Poland): interpretation of the depositional redox conditions
Szczepanik P., Witkowska M., Sawłowicz Z.
Geological Quarterly
|
2007
|
Vol. 51, No 1
57-66
EN
Middle Bathonian iron-bearing dark grey mdstones and claystones from the Kraków-Czestochowa Upland (southern Poland) were subjected to geochemical and mineralogical study in order to evaluate palaeo-redox conditions of their deposition and diagenesis. They are mainly composed of kaolinite, with smaller amounts of other clay minerals and detrital quartz. Organic matter is composed of type III and/or IV kerogen and its d13C is between -23 and -24‰, suggesting a mainly terrigenous source, with a possible admixture of marine input. Most geochemical parameters: (total organic carbon) TOC/S, U/Th, Ni/Co, V/Cr, (Cu+Mo)/Zn ratios, authigenic uranium content, and Fe-TOC-S relationship, indicate deposition under oxygenated bottom water conditions. By contrast, DOP (degree of pyritization) and V/V+Ni indices suggest a dysoxic environment. However, DOP probably reflects redox conditions in the sediment during diagenesis rather than in the over laying water column. The composition of the organic matter and the domination of pyrite euhedra over framboids indicates that the V/V+Ni ratio may not be reliable for determination of redox conditions in the rocks studied. There is no significant difference between the geochemical indices of host rocks with nodules and those with out them.
9
Content available remote Pyritization of microfossils: crinoid remains from the Middle Jurassic of Ogrodzieniec (Kraków-Częstochowa Upland, Poland)
Szczepanik P., Sawłowicz Z.
Studia Geologica Polonica
|
2005
|
Vol. 124
37-52
EN
Pyritized crinoid skeletal elements have been found in the so-called "ore-bearing clays" of the Middle Jurassic exposed in Ogrodzieniec (Kraków-Częstochowa Upland, Poland). Their assem- blage consists of columnals, cirrals and brachials; calyx plates have not been found. Ossicles occur both as unpyritized and pyritized. Three main types of pyritization have been distinguished in investigated material: (a) original calcitic skeleton is not replaced by pyrite but its void spaces are infilled with pyrite; (b) calcitic skeleton is replaced by pyrite, with or without void infilling; (c) pyritization overwhelms the primary morphology of the ossicle. The first two types predominate in the studied material. The types of pyritization have been explained by several subsequent stages of this process. The main stage of crinoid pyritization happened probably in the sediment during early diagenesis and was limited to microenvironments of fossils. Different morphological forms of pyrite registered in the same ossicles (euhedra, framboids and massive pyrite, can be explained by different position and time of the fossil pyritization, the type and location of organic matter, porosity, several stages of pyritization, "openness" of skeleton, different assemblages of bacteria, and probably many other factors.
10
Study of mechanically activated V-Cr oxides for catalytic applications
Wieczorek-Ciurowa K., Gomułczak A., Rakoczy J., Gamrat K., Stoch J., Sawłowicz Z.
Polish Journal of Applied Chemistry
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2005
|
Vol. 49, nr 4
253-262
EN
The influence of mechanical activation by a high-energy ball milling on the physical, chemical and catalytic performance of V2O5, Cr2O3 and their mixture (molar ratio 1:10) was investigated. The comparison of samples activated in dry and wet conditions with non-activated samples is presented. The milling process caused an increase in acidity of samples due to a higher concentration of vanadium observed on the surface of mechanically activated samples.
PL
Badano wpływ mechanicznej aktywacji realizowanej poprzez wysokoenergetyczne mielenie kulowe na fizyczne, chemiczne i katalityczne właściwości V2O5, Cr2O3 i mieszanin tlenków o stosunku molowym V:Cr = 1:10. Przedstawiono porównanie efektów aktywacji prowadzonej na sucho i na mokro z wynikami dla próbek nie aktywowanych. Proces mielenia spowodował wzrost kwasowości z powodu podwyższonej koncentracji wanadu obserwowanej na powierzchni próbek.
11
Content available Pyrite framboids in pyritized Radiolarian skeletons (Mid-Cretaceous of the Pieniny Klippen Belt, Western Carpathians, Poland)
Szczepanik P., Sawłowicz Z., Bąk M.
Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae
|
2004
|
Vol. 74, No 1
35--41
EN
Well preserved pyritized radiolarian skeletons have been found within the grey-green Mid-Cretaceous (Upper Cenomanian) shales in the Pieniny Klippen Belt (Carpathians, Poland). The skeletons contain numerous pyrite framboids in different positions, in channels and inside the abdomen of cryptothoracic forms, but their genetic context is not known. They were formed as a result of the reaction between dissolved iron and sulphide originated from the bacterial sulphate reduction. Two sources of organic matter, "post mortem" in situ decaying organic matter of radiolaria and disseminated organic matter from the surrounding sediment could be available for this process. Pyrite found in the radiolarians probably originates from different processes. It is suggested that pyritization of the radiolarian skeletons took place in the water column whereas pyrite framboids in the skeleton's free spaces could have been formed later during the diagenesis of the sediment. However, their simultaneous formation in the water column or in the sediment cannot be excluded.
12
Content available remote Structural and morphological changes in copper hydroxocarbonate-1 aluminium system induced by mechanical activation
Wieczorek-Ciurowa K., Gamrat K., Fela K., Sawłowicz Z.
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
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2003
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Vol. 5, nr 3
72-74
EN
The copper hydroxocarbonate with Al mixture was mechanically activated (MA) using a planetary ball mill and the products were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX). Backscattered electron (BSE) imaging was used to localize the alloy phases formed as a result of mechanochemical reactions. These information were compared with thermal analysis and powder X-ray diffraction studies.
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