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1

New data about Matonia braunii (Göppert) Harris from the Early Jurassic of Poland and its ecology

Barbacka M., Pacyna G., Pieńkowski G., Ziaja D.

Geological Quarterly

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2016

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Vol. 60, No. 4

857--868

EN

Fern remains of matoniacean affinity were found in the Lower Hettangian strata of lacustrine/backswamp origin from the Niekłań PGI 1 borehole (central Poland, Holy Cross Mts.). The preserved fragments have been identified as Matonia braunii (Göppert, 1841) Harris, 1980. The remains suggest a rather small, low-growth plant with palmately compound fronds. The sori contain at least 5 sporangia preserved with well-developed annuli. The spores are triangular, trilete and kyrtomate, with a thin and smooth surface corresponding with dispersed Dictyophyllidites mortoni (de Jersey, 1959) Playford et Dettmann, 1965. Based on the gross morphology of sterile and fertile pinnae, suggestions made by Harris (1980) on the synonymy of Phlebopteris braunii (Göppert, 1841) Hirmer et Hörhammer, 1936 with P. muensteri Schenk, 1867 (Hirmer and Hörhammer, 1936) and their referral to Matonia braunii is proved and confirmed in this paper. The fern occurs in strata indicating a warm and humid climate and approaching transgression resulting in a high water table and the enhanced accumulation of organic matter.

2

A dinosaur track assemblage from the Upper Hettangian (Lower Jurassic) marginal-marine deposits of Zapniów, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Niedźwiedzki G., Pieńkowski G.

Geological Quarterly

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2016

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Vol. 60, No. 4

840--856

EN

Upper Hettangian (Lower Jurassic) marginal-marine Przysucha Ore-bearing Formation exposed at Zapniów mine and clay-pit (northwestern part of the Holy Cross Mountains area, central Poland) revealed an interesting assemblage of dinosaur tracks. Although mostly yielding poorly preserved and isolated tracks probably left in shallow water conditions, the site nevertheless indicates a diversity of early saurischian (theropods and sauropodomorphs) and ornithischian (thyreophorans) dinosaur trackmakers. This new assemblage is partly consistent with the Lower-Middle Hettangian ichnorecord from the same region. The tracks are preserved in sediments of a barrier-foreshore origin within a barrier/lagoonal depositional system, belonging to the highstand systems tract, located below a marked erosional surface (sequence boundary), which is associated with a substantial fall in sea level at the end of Hettangian times. Here we described all previously and newly collected or observed in the field dinosaur tracks from both surface and underground exposures at Zapniów. Four ichnospecies: Grallator isp., Anchisauripus isp., cf. Tetrasauropus isp., and cf. Anomoepus isp. were identified. The theropod and ornithischian tracks show distinct similarities to those described from the richest in this region and most famous Gliniany Las dinosaur track assemblage, in age approximately coeval to Zapniów. Two sizes of theropod tracks (small and medium) indicate the presence of two different size classes or species of predators in this area. The described cf. Tetrasauropus isp. from Zapniów is the first unquestioned evidence of basal sauropodomorphs in the Upper Hettangian of the Holy Cross Mountains and first record of this ichnotaxa in the Lower Jurassic of Poland. Additionally, two theropod trackways (Anchisauripus isp.) show evidence for trotting. The new finds suggest similarities between marginal-marine environments (delta-plain and foreshore-barrier/lagoon lithofacies) association of dinosaurs containing low-browsing thyreophorans accompanied by small or juvenile sauropodomorphs and small to medium sized theropods. Presence of the ornithischian footprints suggests their prominent role as a major component in Middle-Upper Hettangian dinosaur faunas in marginal-marine environments dominating in the region.

3

Dinosaur footprints from the Thaiat ridge and their palaeoenvironmental background, Jaisalmer Basin, Rajastan, India

Pieńkowski G., Brański P., Pandey D. K., Schlögl J., Alberti M., Fürsich F. T.

Volumina Jurassica

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2015

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Vol. 13, no. 1

17--26

EN

Two dinosaur footprints: Eubrontes cf. giganteus and Grallator tenuis, both attributed to theropods, have been found in the Lower Jurassic Thaiat Member of the Lathi Formation at the Thaiat ridge, near Jaisalmer in western Rajasthan, India. The footprints were left in sediments of a tidal origin, located in profile a few meters above a marked transgressive/flooding surface. They show different states of preservation – the smaller Grallator tenuis represents a well-preserved concave epirelief footprint on the upper surface of a sandstone containing nerineid gastropod shells, while the bigger Eubrontes cf. giganteus footprint shows a rare state of preservation as a positive epirelief on the top of a calcareous sandstone bed, where recent erosion exposed the footprint cast by removing the mud above and around the footprint. The Thaiat ridge section has been amended in its lower part, to indicate the marked transgressive surface. Geochemical analyses and calculated weathering indices (such as CIA) show that the hinterland climate was seasonal to semi-arid during deposition of that part of the succession.

4

Shale gas in China : how much and when?

Changbo Ch., Pieńkowski G.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2015

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Vol. 63, nr 10/3

1206--1214

EN

China is ranked as the world’s largest resource-holder of unconventional gas (estimated at about 25–31 trillion cubic meters – tcm), and current production is 1.3 billion cubic meters (bcm). Also other unconventional resources(tight gas, CBM) are large in global standards. There are strong energy security reasons in China – a long run strategy for China is to reduce its dependency on imported gas resources, thus the growth of domestic output of unconventional gas production (coal bed methane, tight and in particular shale gas) has been recognized as very important both by the government, giving significant impetus to the development of shale gas extraction. However, significant uncertainties remain about the extent to which this resource will be developed as aspects of China’s geology and the structure of the gas sector (in terms of pricing as well as access to water and pipelines) and population density, possess significant problems. A key role in Chinese unconventional hydrocarbons exploration is played by large Chinese national oil companies. The most productive shales are Lower Paleozoic marine strata in South China, in particular the organic-rich Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the upper Yangtze region, characterized also by wide distribution, large thickness and generally fairly good other properties. Both subsurface geological and surface conditions of major shale gas plays in China are more complex than those in USA. Concerning geology, many shale gas plays in China are faulted and sometimes cross-cut by tectonically active zones – however, in some best productive zones tectonics improves conductivity of reservoirs. Number of Chinese shale plays (particularly those of lacustrine origin, representing a large share of Chinese resources) contain clay rich formations, which impairs effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing. Concerning environmental issues, China decided to go for a practice-oriented approach and no specific regulations for unconventional hydrocarbons currently exist in China, only some – pre-during and – post-operation recommendations are discussed. Interestingly, in many aspects unconventional hydrocarbon exploration in China show more similarities to the situation in Poland than to USA and bilateral cooperation may be fruitful for both sides.

5

Geologiczne składowanie ditlenku węgla (CCS) jest metodą bezpieczną : dowody geologiczne

Pieńkowski G.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2015

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Vol. 63, nr 1

48–-54

EN

CO2 capture and geological storage (CCS) should be implemented in Poland, if combustion of coal will remain as a main source of energy in Poland, and European Union climate policy requirements are to be met. Despite existing experience and number of existing operational projects worldwide, a common fear concerning safety of the onshore, large scale geological storage of CO2 still occurs. Because of that fear, some European countries substantially limited even demonstration CCS projects. However, opinions on the method's safety should be based on solid geological evidence, not fears. Herein I provide some evidence from the Lower Jurassic basin in Poland that the method is safe. The key issue is the geological integrity of a seal. High-resolution sequence stratigraphy verified by chemostratigraphical correlation based on 13C isotope correlation, proved that one of key seal formations, the lower Toarcian Ciechocinek formation composed of clayey-muddy rocks with sandstone intercalation, is integral in terms of its lithology and spatial extent over the larger part of the Polish basin and provides an excellent seal. Origin of such favourable properties is attributed to climatic conditions (supergreenhouse conditions on land) during the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event and high sea level at that time. Moreover, similar conditions occurred for four times during the Early–Middle Jurassic times, creating another over-regional seal formations in the large parts of the Polish Mesozoic epicontinental basin. It can allow a tiered sequestration method, using several sequestrartion systems (reservoir-seal couples) one above another, thus allowing much more voluminous and effective storage of CO2 and methane (for economic purposes) in selected structures.

6

The first Early Jurassic ammonite find in central Poland

Pieńkowski G.

Volumina Jurassica

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2014

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Vol. 12, no. 1

99--104

EN

Tragophylloceras cf. loscombi (Sowerby) has been found in the Kaszewy 1 borehole (central Poland), in the Upper Pliensbachian strata (Margaritatus Zone, Subnodosus Subzone), assigned to the Drzewica Formation. Hitherto, all ammonite finds in the epicontinental Lower Jurassic in Poland have been restricted to Western Pomerania (NW Poland). This find points to a wider extent of the transgressive event occurring in the late Margaritatus Zone, following widespread regression at the beginning of this zone. Rapid and pronounced sea level changes in the early Late Pliensbachian confirms the hypothesis linking these changes with glacioeustasy.

7

Profil sedymentologiczny przedkelowejskich (jurajskich) utworów silikoklastycznych w otworze badawczym Cianowice 2 (okolice Krakowa)

Pieńkowski G.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2014

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nr 459

147--156

PL

W otworze Cianowice 2 (okolice Krakowa), bezpośrednio na niezgodności erozyjnej ze zmetamorfizowanymi łupkami neoproterozoiku (ediakaru), a pod węglanowymi utworami jury środkowej (keloweju), występuje ponad 20-metrowy kompleks utworów silikoklastycznych (brekcje, zlepieńce, piaskowce, mułowce z podrzędnymi wkładkami węgli, syderytów i margli). Wykonane w czterech próbkach analizy palinologiczne pozwoliły uzyskać stosunkowo ubogi zespół miosporowy o szerokim zasięgu stratygraficznym, niedający rozstrzygających rezultatów, potwierdzający bardzo ogólnie jedynie jurajski wiek utworów (Jadwiga Ziaja, inf. ustna). Pozycja stratygraficzna tych utworów nie jest jasna – mogą one należeć zarówno do wczesnej jury, do środkowej jury, jak i obu tych epok, a najniższe warstwy grubookruchowe mogą być jeszcze starsze i reprezentować późny trias. Cały nawiercony kompleks silikoklastyczny został podzielony na pięć wyraźnych sukcesji. W poszczególnych sukcesjach dominują podrzędne cykle proste o ziarnie (i energii przepływu) malejący ku górze. Sukcesja 1 składa się z brekcji i zlepieńców o nieuporządkowanej strukturze, co wskazuje na spływy mułowe (soliflukcyjne), przechodzące być może w spływy wodne w środowisku stożków aluwialnych. Sukcesja 2 składa się z pięciu cykli prostych piaszczysto-mułowcowych, ze śladami wegetacji roślinnej, utworzonych na równi rzecznej. Sukcesja 3 składa się w całości z mułowców o genezie jeziorno-bagiennej, z licznymi śladami wegetacji roślinnej i węglami w stropie. Sukcesje 4 i 5 to ponownie sukcesje złożone z cykli prostych o genezie rzecznej. Cały profil badanych utworów silikoklastycznych wykazuje peneplenizację żywej początkowo rzeźby obszarów źródłowych i ciągły spadek energii procesów depozycyjnych ku górze aż do stropu sukcesji 3 z węglami, a następnie ponowny nawrót równi rzecznej. Poszczególne sukcesje są oddzielone powierzchniami nieciągłości (przeważnie erozyjnymi, jedynie spąg sukcesji 3 ma charakter odpowiednika powierzchni mogącej być korelatywną powierzchnią transgresji), które mogą stanowić regionalne powierzchnie korelacyjne (zwłaszcza dolne granice sukcesji 1, 3 i 5). Sukcesje o dolnych granicach erozyjnych mogą odpowiadać sekwencjom depozycyjnym. Porównania regionalne otworu wiertniczego Cianowice 2 z otworem Parkoszowice 58 BN położonym ok. 40 km na północny zachód skłaniają do uznania tych utworów wstępnie za jurę dolną (najprawdopodobniej pliensbach–toark), grubookruchowe utwory sukcesji 1 w spągu otworu mogą reprezentować także wiek późnotriasowy. Do czasu uzyskania bardziej precyzyjnych danych biostratygraficznych lub chemostratygraficznych nie można potwierdzić tego z całą pewnością ponad stwierdzenie, że są to utwory jurajskie starsze od keloweju.

EN

In the Cianowice 2 borehole (located in the vicinity of Kraków), straight on the erosional unconformity on the top of metamorphosed Neo-Proterozoic (Ediacaran) shales and below carbonate deposits of Callovian, 20 meters thick interval of siliciclastic rocks has been encountered. The siliciclastic rocks are composed of conglomerates, sandstones, mudstones and subordinate intercalations of coal, siderite and marls. Stratigraphical position of this interval can be inferred based on poorly-preserved miospore assemblage, spanning relatively long geological time (Jadwiga Ziaja, pers. comm.) – it can represent either Early or Middle Jurassic, or both of those epochs, while the lowermost coarse-grained package can be even of an older, i.e. Triassic age. The interval was subdivided into 5 well-distinguished sedimentary successions, separated by bounding surfaces, mostly of erosional character – only succession 3 starts with sharp lithological contrast between sandy deposits and overlying mudstones, which reflects flooding and rapid retrogradation (either lacustrine or lagoonal). All these bounding surfaces (particularly bottoms of successions 1, 3 and 5) are of regional correlative significance-erosional bounding surfaces can represent sequence boundaries, while bottom of the succession 3 can represent correlative surface of a transgression. In each succession, except for the lowermost one, subordinate fining-upward cycles are dominating. They represent diminishing-upward energy of transport. The succession 1 is composed of breccia and conglomerates with chaotic structure, indicative of mudflow – dominated fans, possibly passing into alluvial fans and back to the mudflow fan again in the top. There is a marked lithological contrast (possibly connected also with considerable hiatus) between the coarse-grained deposits of succession 1 and following successions built of fine-grained sandstones, siltstones, mudstones and claystones. The succession 2 is composed of five fining-upward cycles, indicative of fluvial environment (fluvial plain), with traces of plant vegetation. The succession 3 is entirely composed of mudstones of lacustrine origin, with numerous traces of plant vegetation, siderite concretions and bands and coals at the top. Successions 4 i 5 again contain typical fining-upward fluvial cycles with traces of plant vegetation. The overall profile shows peneplanation of a landscape and continuous diminishing of energy of sedimentary processes up to the top of succession 3 marked with coals. Then, fluvial sedimentation returned. Regional comparison of the Cianowice 2 borehole with borehole Parkoszowice 58 BN, located some 40 km to NW tends to suggest the Early Jurassic (most probably Pliensbachian–Toarcian) age of the profile (the lowermost coarse-grained part can be of a Triassic age), but until more reliable biostratigraphical or chemostratigraphical evidences are obtained, these more detailed interpretations of stratigraphical division remain tentative.

8

Poziomy megasporowe epikontynentalnych utworów triasu i jury w Polsce – podsumowanie

Marcinkiewicz T., Fijałkowska-Mader A., Pieńkowski G.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2014

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nr 457

15--41

PL

Praca stanowi podsumowanie wyników wieloletnich badań nad rozmieszczeniem megaspor w epikontynentalnych utworach triasu i jury dolnej na Niżu Polskim. W materiale pochodzącym z kilkuset otworów, położonych na obszarze Polski pozakarpackiej, wydzielono 11 zespołów megasporowych o randze poziomów zespołowych, skorelowanych ze standardowym podziałem stratygraficznym. Poziomy te mogą być zastosowane w biostratygrafii utworów triasu i jury dolnej nie tylko na obszarze Polski, lecz także do szerszych porównań w skali europejskiej i światowej jako poziomy standardowe.Wydzielone poziomy megasporowe powiązano z poziomami miosporowymi triasu i jury dolnej, wyróżnianymi na obszarze Polski. Dane miosporowe, a także ostatnio przeprowadzone wysokorozdzielcze badania chemostratygraficzne przyczyniły się do uzyskania dodatkowych uściśleń wiekowych wyróżnionych poziomów megasporowych. Megaspory są także ważnym wskaźnikiem paleoklimatycznym.

EN

The paper summarizes many years of studies on the distribution of megaspores in the epicontinental Triassic and Jurassic deposits of Poland. Eleven assemblages in the rank of assemblage zones, correlated with the standard stratigraphical division, have been identified in the material obtained from hundreds of boreholes. These assemblages can be applied for biostratigraphical correlation of Triassic and Jurassic deposits both on a European and global scale as standard zones. Correlation between miospore and megaspore zones, as well as recent high-resolution chemostratigraphic correlations, allowed more precise interpretation of the age of the megaspore zones. Megaspores are also important as palaeoclimatic indicators.

9

Przyszła struktura energetyczna oraz rola CCS w Polsce - wnioski z ostatnich konferencji w Niemczech i w Polsce

Pieńkowski G.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2012

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Vol. 60, nr 1

32-35

EN

Recent conferences in Germany and Poland outlined future scenarios of energy mix and CCS in Poland.With CCS the emissions of CO2 can be reduced considerably, despite technical and economical challenges. Fossil fuels will maintain significant share in energy mix in next decades due to sufficient supply and relatively low prices, which will negatively influence the growth of renewable energy. Poland might play a major role in development of CCS, particularly in research and development (R&D). Industry should play a key role in implementation of new technologies, including CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) and CCU (Carbon Capture and Utility). Global agreements, international strategies and projects are necessary, while achievement of these are grim due to conflicting political and economical interests. Market-oriented approach (including universal carbon tax) is now more promising than technology-oriented one. The use of shale gas , is in general environmentally desirable way for Poland. Professional public communication and education is urgently needed due to an inherited deficit of social capital and irresponsible activity of some NGOs, often driven by particular interests.

10

Geologiczne muzea i parki tematyczne dźwignią edukacji, rozwoju i biznesu

Pieńkowski G.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2011

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Vol. 59, nr 4

323-323

EN

Geodiversity is an important part of environmental and national assets as it plays a fundamental role in contributing to sustainable development. However, it remains one of the least recognised and valued, largely because its attractiveness is still not fully appreciated. Earth sciences inspires our awareness and knowledge. Traditionally, geological museums collected fossils, rocks, minerals and archaeological objects, first to serve the scientific community and then to perform various educational functions for non-specialists. Currently, natural museums frequently became large theme parks, presenting in situ original fossils, models and applying variety of multimedia technologies. On the other hand, such large educational centres serve as nuclei for geoparks (a geopark means a clearly defined territory, which includes a particular geological heritage and a sustainable territorial development strategy supported by a program to promote preserving the geological heritage and development, including the economic one). Therefore, geological museums, theme parks and geoparks work together and they have direct impact on the territory by influencing its inhabitants' living conditions and environment. The objective is to promote geological knowledge and simultaneously to enable the inhabitants to reappropriate the value of the geological heritage and actively participate in the cultural revitalization of a given territory as a whole. Examples from China and Poland show how it can be done, irrespectively of scale and character of naturalmonuments and geodiversity.

11

Podziemne magazynowanie węglowodorów w kawernach solnych w Polsce-—wymiar strategiczny i możliwooeci poprawy stanu środowiska naturalnego

Pieńkowski G.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2009

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Vol. 57, nr 9

791-791

EN

Storage of strategic hydrocarbon resources (petroleum, fuel and natural gas resources) in subsurface repositories (geologic structures) is a strategic necessity in countries largely dependent on oil and gas supply from abroad. Benefits of creating strategic petroleum reserves (SPRs) and natural gas storage facilities for these countries are obvious: SPRs are a first line of defense against interruption in critical oil and natural gas supplies, and they provide economic security and increase regional stability. Easily accessible sites located near the nodes of existing pipelines, main industrial centers and NATO bases should be targeted for safe storage of liquid fuels, crude oil or gas. With little national storage capacity, Poland has been near extremis a few times due to interruptions in the flow of crude oil and natural gas. It is in the Polish national interest for the country to establish a Strategic Petroleum Reserve for liquid fuels and natural gas reserves, which would provide a cushion against the negative impacts of a hydrocarbon shortage on its economy and national security. The same problem concerns most of the new NATO member countries in Central and Eastern Europe (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Czech Republic, and Hungary). These countries are potential beneficiaries of this project. Among them, only Poland is blessed with abundant geologic salt structures, i.e. thick bedded salts and salt domes. Therefore, Poland can provide storage capacity also for the NATO allies (and other EU members). The Department’s agent in this effort is the Polish Geological Institute (PGI), performing duties of the Polish Geological Survey. PGI established cooperation with the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) in the United States and the Turkish Petroleum Corporation (TPAO). The project was accepted and implemented as a short-term project in April 2005 (NATO-CCMS project EAP.CMS-PS 982185). The purpose of this project was to evaluate the feasibility of using subsurface salt deposit repositories for strategic oil, liquid fuel and gas storage, and for using generated brines to improve the ecological and environmental conditions of the Baltic Sea. The last expansion of NATO involves the necessity of developing new military bases, including the need for safe storage of logistic fuels. Occurrence of salt domes nearby most of the planned bases in Poland provides an excellent place for safe (both from the military and environmental point of view) storage of fuels. Only dry salt caverns (without use of salt brine, operated by pressurized nitrogen) will be applied for logistic fuel storage. Previous experimental studies had shown that some logistic fuels (including jet fuels) stored in salt caverns for five years did not change significantly as far as concerns their chemical and physical properties and they were still fully usable after five years of such storage. Construction of fuel repositories for NATO bases in salt domes also provides an environmental advantage. The traditional approach (adopted for example in the existing NATO "Minimum Military Requirement" and Capability Package- CP 22) uses steel tanks. However, surface steel tanks are exposed to natural weather hazards and potential terrorist attack - not mentioning their vulnerability to warfare attacks. Steel tanks hidden at a shallow depth (up to some 20 m) in the ground are much more expensive, although somewhat safer-the threats mentioned above are reduced. However, underground storage of fuel poses another threat - leakage of toxic fuel might be hazardous to groundwater supplies. Construction inexpensive repositories at a depth of several hundred meters, in naturally isolated rock salt, make them safe concerning any contamination of the environment and other threats. Above all, such repositories meet strategic requirements - they are practically immune to any warfare attack. Five salt domes in central Poland were indicated as the most suitable sites for logistic fuel repositories and preliminary geological assessment was prepared. In the future this project should gain more interest because of security issues and may warrant further investigation for Poland as well as other NATO countries. Construction of repositories in salt provides a substantial cost advantage (underground salt repositories are about 85% - 800 % less costly than traditional surface steel tanks). Moreover, storage of hydrocarbons in geologic structures is much safer from a strategic and ecological point of view. Most of the salt deposits considered for an SPR in Poland were formed in the Late Permian epoch. The proposed full scale project also addresses potential ecological problems connected with the by-product from leaching large salt caverns. Construction of large strategic petroleum repositories can produce tens of million of tons of salt brine. As the big petroleum repositories will likely be built at the Baltic Sea coast, this project involves a new paradigm concerning treatment and disposal of the excess salt brine. The salt brine can be used as an agent for re-cultivation of the Baltic sea-bottom where anoxic conditions prevail. Due to the influx of anthropogenic contaminants (industrial discharges, phosphate and nitrogen communal and agricultural pollutants, etc.), the periodic, natural influx of heavier and well-oxygenated waters from the North Sea can no longer cope with the negative effects of resulting eutrophication. This is by far the most severe ecological problem in the entire Baltic Sea region. It is proposed that diluted and oxygenated, but somewhat heavier than sea water salt brine be pumped through a pipeline directly to the deeper parts of the Baltic Sea. The enhanced (oxygenated) salt brine could serve to re-establish the life and improve the ecological environment in the Baltic Sea bottom, a positive environmental impact. This project may contribute to fulfillment of at least four of the general objectives of NATO-SPS projects- it reduces to a minimum the negative environmental impact of both civil and military repositories, it conducts regional studies including cross-border activities (particularly in the field of Baltic Sea protection), by building new repositories it can serve to prevent possible crises related to scarcity of energy resources from interruption of oil or gas supplies, and it addresses emerging risks to the environment by using salt brine as an agent contributing to biological recovery of the Baltic Sea.

12

Od litostratygrafii do cyklostratygrafii-nowatorskie kierunki w badaniach Profesora Ryszarda Dadleza (1931–2008)

Pieńkowski G.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2009

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Vol. 57, nr 5

387-392

13

Early Jurassic sauropod footprints of the Southern Carpathians, Romania: palaeobiological and palaeogeographical significance

Pieńkowski G., Popa M. E., Kedzior A.

Geological Quarterly

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2009

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Vol. 53, No 4

461-470

EN

The dinosaur footprints cf. Parabrontopodus isp. Lockley, Farlow et Meyer, 1994, attributed to sauropods, have been found in Hettangian (earliest Jurassic) alluvial deposits in Anina (Colonia Ceha Quarry, Resita Basin), belonging to the Getic Nappe in the Southern Carpathians, Western Romania. Heteropodous pes-manus sets and one short, narrow-gauge trackway have been recognized on a large sandstone surface trampled by sauropods. Agreater load was carried by the inner digits of the pes, particularly digit I, and the heel pad is deeply imprinted, which points to a sub-plantigrade pes and gravipodal posture, typical for Eusaropoda. A pentadactyl manus imprint suggestetthat manus digits of early sauropods might have been separate and perhaps more functional when supporting walking on unstable, sticky ground. These tracks, the first find of Jurassic dinosaur footprints in Romania, add an important site to the relatively rare record of earliest Jurassic sauropod footprints. These tracks also confirm that Pangaean islands and peninsulas around the Western Tethys were inhabited by early sauropods. These peninsulas or islands, including a hypothetical "Moesian Island", must have been at least temporarily connected with the mainland. The sizes of the Romanian footprints are similar to the Hettangian Parabrontopodus isp. tracks described from Poland (mainland Pangaea — Eurasian area) and Italy (Tethyan domain) and do not indicate insular dwarfism.

14

Invertebrate trace fossil assemblages from the Lower Hettangian of Sołtyków, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Pieńkowski G., Niedźwiedzki G.

Volumina Jurassica

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2008

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Vol. 6, no. 1

109--132

EN

Invertebrate trace fossil assemblages from the Hettangian (Early Jurassic) alluvial plain deposits of Sołtyków (Holy Cross Mts, Poland) represent three terrestrial ichnofacies: the Mermia ichnofacies (entirely aquatic), Scoyenia ichnofacies, and Coprinisphaera ichnofacies. They span environments from shallow lacustrine to different subaerial fluvial environments. Bivalve burrows and traces, oligochaetae, insect and crayfishes burrows, plant roots, vertebrate tracks and other types of trace fossils record information on biodiversity and palaeoecological conditions. The Sołtykow ichnoassemblages confirm that terrestrial ichnocoenoses were quite diversified, chiefly a result of a changing water table and food availability. Diversity of trace fossils was supported by the strongly mosaic character of local environments. Bivalve burrows are very diversified, and several ichnogenera have been distinguished. Trace fossil producers as well as functional, taphonomic and preservational aspects of ichnofossils are discussed. The following ichnotaxa have been recognized: Lockeia siliquaria James, 1879; L. amygdaloides (Seilacher, 1953); L. czarnockii (Karaszewski, 1974); Scalichnus isp.; Scoyenia isp.; Spongeliomorpha isp.; Spongeliomorpha carlsbergi (Bromley and Asgaard, 1979); Cruziana problematica (Schindewolf, 1921); cf. Cruziana isp.; Rusophycus isp.; Diplichnites isp.; cf. Kouphichnium sp.; Planolites isp.; Palaeophycus isp.; Cochlichnus isp.; cf. Helminthoidichnites isp.; cf. Xylonichnus isp., and Linckichnus terebrans Schlirf, 2006. Various structures attributed to arthropod burrows (vertical to subvertical tunnels), chambered insect nests of Pallichnidae affinity or other nests with septa, earthworm burrows as well as enigmatic radial chambers, likely made by crayfishes, are illustrated. The new bivalve dwelling ichnotaxon Calceoformites uchmani igen. et isp. n. is described.

15

5. Międzynarodowe Sympozjum Projektu IGCP 506 Marine and non-marine Jurassic: global correlation and major geological events Hammamet, Tunezja, 28–31.03.2008

Głowniak E., Grabowski J., Pieńkowski G.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2008

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Vol. 56, nr 11

967-972

16

Informatyczna aplikacja do oceny zużycia energii na wytwarzanie wyrobu

Mączka J., Pieńkowski G.

Inżynieria i Aparatura Chemiczna

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2008

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Nr 4

51-52

PL

Omówiono projekt i realizację komputerowej aplikacji służącej do wyznaczenia zużycia energii w procesach produkcyjnych wykorzystujących obróbkę skrawaniem. Metoda zastosowana pozwala na określenie korzystniejszych pod względem energetycznym, a wobec coraz większego udziału kosztu energii w koszcie wytworzenia produktu, także pod względem ekonomicznym, wariantów procesu produkcyjnego.

EN

A design and implementation of the computer application for energy consumption calculation in machining processes arę di-scussed in the paper. The method allows one to choose morę su-itable, as far as energy consumption is concerried, variants of the process. These yariants arę also economically morę suitable due to still increasing costs of energy used for the production.

17

The epicontinental Lower Jurassic of Poland

Pieńkowski G.

Volumina Jurassica

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2006

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Vol. 4, no. 1

268-268

EN

During the Early Jurassic times terrigenous, continental, marginal-marine and marine sediments up to 1400 m in thickness were deposited in a large epeiric basin extending across Poland. These strata are defined herein as the Kamienna Group, which is subdivided into 13 lithoformations (Fm.). Lithofacies description, recognition of depositional systems and subsystems and determination of their fluctuation in space and time allowed a high-resolution sequence stratigraphic analysis. Sedimentation in the shallow (usually not more than 10-20 m deep), epeiric Early Jurassic basin of Poland was particularly sensitive to reflect changes in sea level. Except for the ammonite-bearing Pliensbachian deposits in Western Poland, biostratigraphical resolution in marginal-marine and continental deposits is usually of a lesser precision. However, an internally consistent sequence stratigraphic scheme of Poland can be compared with fossiliferous marine sediments of the Ligurian cycle of United Kingdom and France. The minor sequences identified within the Ligurian cycle play a very important role in correlation as they can be recognized in the Polish Basin. Concerning the range of sea level changes, the Exxon model was also adopted and ten of the Exxon Early Jurassic depositional sequences (I-X) were identified in the Polish Lower Jurassic. Transgressive systems tracts prevail in sedimentary record and are represented either by retrogradational or aggradational facies architecture, and high-stand systems tracts are represented by progradational facies architecture. A typical marginal - marine parasequence is usually more complex than a simple "quick flooding-gradual prograding" model - transgressive deposits are usually preserved and "parasequence maximum flooding surfaces" can be distinguished. Correlative significance of transgressive surfaces is enhanced when they are coupled with their nonmarine correlative surfaces. Development of transgression with its coeval effects in continental deposits is discussed and non-marine correlative surfaces of the transgressive surfaces are documented - a "step-wise", retrogradational development of transgression with its nonmarine correlative surfaces within alluvial and deltaic systems is particularly well recognized in the Early Jurassic Polish Basin. The regional cross sections and cross sections of the whole Polish Basin showing dominant depositional systems and sequence stratigraphic correlation, as well as "time-tuned" palaeogeographical maps of the Polish Basin in Early Jurassic are presented. Despite existence of some regional dislocation zones occurring along the edges of the Mid-Polish Trough, which shaped the sedimentation and sediment thickness contrast (for example the Nowe Miasto-Iłża Fault), a gradual decrease of sediment thickness outwards the axis of the Mid-Polish Trough prevails. Additionally, occurrence of conspicuous zones of increased subsidence, which are actually perpendicular to the Mid-Polish Trough (for example the "Mazurian Way") indicates that there is no reason to regard the Mid-Polish Trough in any respect as a "rift basin", at least in the Early Jurassic times. Depositional history of the Early Jurassic in Poland provides a good case study concerning sequence correlation between marine and non-marine sedimentary successions.

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Rhaetian/Hettangian boundary in Pomerania, Poland

Pieńkowski G., Waksmundzka M.

Volumina Jurassica

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2006

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Vol. 4, no. 1

295-295

EN

Two boreholes from Pomerania, Western Poland (Kamień Pomorski IG-1 and Mechowo IG-1) yielded core material from the Triassic/Jurassic transition in continental deposits. In Mechowo IG-1 the Rhaetian/Hettangian boundary occurs within thick sandstone succession of fluvial origin and this boundary is determined based on occurrence of megaspores (Trileites pinguis and Nathorstisporites hopliticus assemblages - Marcinkiewicz 1971). In Kamień Pomorski (25 km to NW, depth 665.5-678.2 m), the grain size of sediments is significantly finer. Also, a minor marine ingression with dinoflagellate cysts can be noted (this ingression can be tentatively correlated with the "Contorta beds", known from Germany and Scandinavia). Uppermost Rhaetian deposits represent alluvial overbank subsystems, floodplain, lacustrine and crevasse splay facies dominate. This indicates a substantial limitation of depositional energy of the alluvial palaeoenvironment, which reflects both palaeoslope (Mechowo was closer to the sedimentary source area situated to the East) and probably local tectonic factor. Consequently, erosion at the Rhaetian/Hettangian boundary (sequence boundary) is inconspicuous if any, which is an exceptional case in the Early Jurassic Polish Basin, where usually Rhaetian deposits are missing or reduced from the top by erosion. Material from Kamień Pomorski IG-1 borehole gives much more abundant palynological data. In the uppermost Rhaetian, the following miospores are most characteristic: spores Semiretisporites gothae (restricted only to the Late Triassic), accompanied by Limbosporites lundblandi Nilsson, Baculatisporites wellmanii (Couper) Krutzsch, Cingulizonathes rhaeticus (Reinhardt) Schulz, Conbaculatisporites mesozoicus Klaus, Deltoidospora toralis (Leschik) Lund, Densosporites fissus (Reinhardt) Schulz, Lycopodiacidites rugulatus (Couper) Schulz, pollens Alisporites radialis (Leschik) Lund, Cuneatisporites cf. radialis Pautsch, Ovalipolis ovalis Krutzsch. This is a typical Rhaetian miospore assemblage. Interestingly, the uppermost Rhaetian deposits show a characteristic palynofacies turnover with a conspicuous "fern peak" (huge number and domination of fern-derived spores). This may point to the environmental/climatic change at the Rhaetian/Hettangian boundary and concomitant biotic crisis. The lowermost Hettangian assemblage comprises (among others): spores Contignisporites problematicus (Couper) Playford & Dettmann, Conbaculatisporites mesozoicus (Madler) Lund, Concavisporites toralis (Leschik) Nilsson, Cosmosporites elegans Nilsson, Zebrasporites interscriptus (Thiergart) Klaus, Lycopodiumsporites semimuris Danze-Corsin & Laveine and pollens Pinuspollenites minimus (Couper) Kemp. These preliminary studies are encouraging and the Kamień Pomorski profile can add to the European record of continental Rhaetian/Hettangian boundary. Furter palynological and isotope studies are planned in this section.

19

Palynofacies of the epicontinental Lower Jurassic deposits of Poland: their distribution in different sedimentary environments

Pieńkowski G., Waksmundzka M. M.

Volumina Jurassica

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2006

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Vol. 4, no. 1

102-103

EN

Diversified continental, marginal-marine and marine epicontinental deposits in Poland of Early Jurassic age yielded unusually rich palynofacies. 210 samples from 6 selected boreholes have been studied in order to determine distribution of palynomorphs and other kerogen particles in various depositional systems, prior determined by detailed sedimentological studies. Several palynofacies parameters, like content of terrestrial phytoclasts, their type and degree of oxygenation, spore/bisaccate pollen ratio, presence of tetrads and sporangia, presence of amorphous organic matter - AOM (both of terrestrial - AOMT and aquatic - AOMA origin), presence of acritarchs and dinoflagellate cysts were collectively found as indicative of certain palynofacies. Generally, six main palynofacies linked to certain depositional systems have been distinguished: 1. alluvial plain - very abundant palynological matter, varied frequency of sporomorphs, varied bisaccate pollens/spores ratio (depending on a local vegetation), very abundant dark-brown to opaque phytoclasts or AOMT (amorphous organic matter of terrestrial derivation); 2. delta plain - abundant dark to opaque phytoclasts (or AOMT) and cuticle, abundant sporomorphs (spores dominate over bisaccate pollens), sporadic presence of dinoflagellate cysts and acritarchs; 3. delta front-lagoon – abundant sporomorphs, varied bisaccate pollens/spores ratio (usually spores and pollens are in approximate ballance, but sometimes huge number of spores accompanied by tetrads and sporangia occurs in “hydrodynamic traps”), moderate amount of phytoclasts - mostly cuticle, relatively rare dark phytoclasts, rare dinoflagellate cysts and acritarchs;4. shoreface-foreshore - dispersed and rounded fragments of black, opaque phytoclasts or AOMT, rare to moderate sporomorphs (bisaccate pollens and spores in ballance or slight dominance of spores), sporomorphs often mechanically destroyed, rare dinoflagellate cysts and acritarchs; 5. offshore brackish marine - rare translucent AOMA (amorphous organic matter of aquatic derivation), very rare small and rounded fragments of opaque phytoclasts or AOMT, rare sporomorphs (bisaccate pollens dominate over spores), occurrence of dinoflagellate cysts and acritarchs; 6. offshore marine - translucent AOMA (amorphous organic matter of aquatic derivation), rare bisaccate pollens, spores absent or very rare, occurrence of dinoflagellate cysts and acritarchs. Transitional palynofacies between these main types can be also distinguished, but it must be coupled with sedimentological data. Some abnormal composition of palynofacies have been observed and they are defined as palynofacies inversions. The first type (type I) of inversion represents coexistence in one sample of palynomorphs of the same geological age but of drastically different colours, which is explained by darkening of some palynomorphs by intraformational oxidation processes. The second type (II) of inversion occurs when characteristic alluvial/deltaic palynofacies elements (like sporangia, tetrads, large phytoclasts) are found together with obviously offshore elements (light AOMA, dinocysts, accompanied by ammonites and open shelf organisms). This inversion is explain by a storm resuspension processes. Abnormally high number of spores observed in few samples of an interdistributary lagoon origin is explained by hydrodynamic entrapment of spores. Some regular fluctuations of palynofacies characteristic within lagoonal/lacustrine laminites are described as a result of seasonal changes. Collectively, palynofacies can be regarded as useful tool for recognition of palaeoenvironments. However, palynofacies studies should be coupled with sedimentological investigations.

20

Metoda oceny energochłonności obróbki skrawaniem

Pieńkowski G., Krzyżanowski J., Mączka J.

Inżynieria i Aparatura Chemiczna

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2006

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Nr 3 sp.

64-65

EN

In the paper power characteristic preparation for a machine tool is described. The characteristic was used for the evaluation of energy consumption. A set of activities occurring during machining was identified (according to the Activity Based Costing) and energy requirements for conducting each of them were defined. Also the energy-consumption evaluation using energy requirements was presented.