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1

The possibility to control the thickness of the oxide layer on the titanium Grade 2 by mechanical activation and heat treatment

Szota M., Łukaszewicz A., Machnik K.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 100, nr 2

70--77

EN

Purpose: The paper presents the results of microstructure, surface development and thickness of the oxide layer on the pure titanium Grade 2 after mechanical activation and heat treatment (550°C/5h). Design/methodology/approach: Studies show that it is possible to control the thickness of the oxide layer by using different materials to change the roughness of surface - mechanical activation before heat treatment. After mechanical activation and heat treatment, the results of the thickness of the oxide layer as well as a level of surface development were obtained, presented and discussed. Findings: The conducted research have proved that mechanical activation of the surface which cause increase of surface development results in greater thickness of oxide layer which is formed during heat treatment. Nevertheless mechanical activation that results in decrease of surface development, such as polishing, results in decrease of oxide layer thickness. Research limitations/implications: The conducted research have showed up that mechanical activation of the surface which cause increase of surface development results in greater thickness of oxide layer which is formed during heat treatment. Nevertheless, mechanical activation that results in decrease of surface development, such as polishing, results in decrease of oxide layer thickness. Practical implications: are possible using similar method for passivation titanium alloys for medical application. Originality/value: The paper presents the possibility of using mechanical preactivation of surface before heat treatment passivation.

2

Influence of mechanical activation and heat treatment on surface development and oxide layer thickness of Ti6Al4V ELI alloy

Szota M., Łukaszewicz A., Bukowska A.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 97, nr 2

69--76

EN

Purpose: The paper presents the results of mechanical activation of the surface on oxide layer thickness after heat treatment of TU6Al14V ELI alloy. Design/methodology/approach: Specimens were made from 5 mm diameter rod cut into semicircular slices. The samples were mechanically activated throughout mechanical treatment of the surface: one sandblasted with glass beads during 5 minutes and other ground with sandpaper grit 40, 180, 220 and 800 during 7.5 and 15 minutes. Findings: Then microstructure of specimens etched with Kroll solution was observed using an optical microscope and roughness parameters of the surface were measured. Research limitations/implications: Afterwards heat treatment (550°C, 5 hours) was conducted, then roughness parameters and thickness of the oxide layer were measured by means of a scanning microscope. Practical implications: The conducted research showed up that mechanical activation of the surface which cause an increase of surface development results in greater thickness of the oxide layer which is formed during heat treatment. Nevertheless, mechanical activation that results in a decrease of surface development, such as polishing, results in a decrease of oxide layer thickness. Originality/value: The results of the research can be used to obtain the desired thickness of the oxide layer in the production of the elements that require increased wear and corrosion resistance.

3

Influence of production method on selected properties of VT 22 titanium alloy

Łukaszewicz A., Szota M.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 87, nr 1

27--32

EN

Purpose: The paper presents the results of phycisochemical and mechanical properites of titanium alloy VT 22. Samples - input material and after injection casting were carried out. Design/methodology/approach: The samples were made of VT 22 titanium alloy. The aim of the study was a comparison of corrosion resistance and surface geometry of input material and material produced by injection method. The corrosion resistance test by using 3 electrode method were carried out. Surface geometry by profilometer were conducted. Moreover the microhardness tests were carried out by using Vicker’s metohod. As well as microstructure observation by using light microsope were carried out. The studies were carried out on 2 samples – one sample from input material and sample after injection method. There 10 samples were produced during studies. Findings: Research has shown that the use of injection casting method affects on surface geometry and corrosion resistance of produced samples. It has been observed that samples produced by using injection casting in comparison to input material have lower corrosion rate as well as higher microhardness of surface. Roughness profile is incomparable because the input material on its surface was undulating. But roughness affects on corrosion resistance. Moreover there differences between structures were observed. Research limitations/implications: During the comparison of roughness profile there were problem because input material was undulating. Practical implications: Injection method can be used as a method for produciton materials with the same chemical composition as commercial materials but with higher corrosion resistance and microhardness. Originality/value: The paper presents the possibility to improve the physicochemical properties of produced material of VT 22 titanium alloy by using injection casting method.

4

Comparison of structure and mechanical properties of implants produced by injection method

Łukaszewicz A.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 86, nr 1

32--40

EN

Purpose: The paper presents the possibility to improve the mechanical properties of dental implants produced of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy and possibility to use a new method to production those implants. The aim of the study was a comparison of properties of the feed materials, produced and commercial implants made of Ti6Al4V. Design/methodology/approach: The innovative injection methods was used. The comparison of microstructures and microhardness were carried out. Findings: It was shown that the use of new injection methods in the dental implant producing process effects on their structure and thus their mechanical properties. It has been observed that implants manufactured in comparison to commercial implants have a varied structure which is changing from the surface of the implant to its core. These changes are associated with a producing method that ensures very rapid heat dissipation from the surface of the manufacturing element. Research limitations/implications: During the production of the implants, problems have been encountered with keeping the alloy clean may occur. Practical implications: Injection method can be used as a method for commercial production of dental implants. Originality/value: The paper presents the results of microstructure and mechanical properties of dental implants – produced by new injection method.

5

Application of computed tomography for an analysis of composite with fine dispersive reinforcement made of the Fe65Co10Ni3W2B20 alloy

Szlązak K., Siejka A., Szota M., Nabiałek M., Łukaszewicz A., Klimas J., Pietrusiewicz P., Błoch K.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 83, nr 1

17--22

EN

Purpose: The paper presents the results of microstructure and mechanical properties of composites resulting from a combination of powders of metallic glasses with an epoxy resin (Epidian 100). The study was performed using computed tomography. Design/methodology/approach: The filler used was made of a Fe65Co10Ni3W2B20 amorphous alloy based on, showing in the state after the formation the soft magnetic properties. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the fraction of the composite powders on the microstructure parameters (mean pore diameter and pore volume fraction) and the properties of the obtained composites. Findings: Based on the survey it was found out that size fraction used does not affect the value of the modulus of elasticity linear composites studied. It was also shown that the composites analysed in an attempt to compress the cross cracked grain boundaries. The influence fraction powders and change the share of the pore size depending on the fraction of the filler. Research limitations/implications: No studies of the magnetic properties determine the usefulness of these materials in the electronics industry. Practical implications: Practical implications are to size the test specimens in the limited range of tests. In the future, it is planned to produce samples with a larger diameter. Originality/value: The paper presents a new group of composites-based metallic glasses conditions characterised by good properties produced a simple and inexpensive method.

6

Verification of ram-press pipe bending process using elasto-plastic fem model

Sidun J., Łukaszewicz A.

Acta Mechanica et Automatica

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2017

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Vol. 11, no. 1

47--52

EN

In this paper selected aspects of numerical modelling of bending pipes process are described. Elasto-plastic material model was used in COMSOL FEM environment. The results of numerical analyses of two kinds of steel were presented. The correctness of the proposed model was verified based on comparison shapes of deformed pipe profile obtained at the ending step of bending both from numerical simulations and experiment.

7

Koncepcja pasywnego stanowiska do ćwiczeń wzroku

Mikołajczyk T., Skornia M., Łukaszewicz A.

Postępy w Inżynierii Mechanicznej

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2016

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nr 7(4)

67--77

PL

Narząd wzroku to jeden z ważniejszych zmysłów, bez którego trudno funkcjonować w świecie. Wzrok jest bardzo wrażliwy i w wyniku zmian zachodzących z wiekiem, zmian chorobowych, nieprawidłowego korzystania widzenie może ulec pogorszeniu, a nawet zaniknąć całkowicie. Często zapominamy o niego dbać i coraz więcej osób dotkniętych jest wadą wzroku, na którą okuliści przepisują okulary. Są jednak inne metody pozwalające na uzyskanie, utrzymanie bardzo dobrej ostrości, a zarazem jakości widzenia. Należy do nich między innymi metoda Batesa. Opiera się ona na założeniu, że dzięki ćwiczeniom, które utrzymują mięśnie oka w dobrej kondycji, możliwe jest widzenie bez okularów. W pracy przedstawiono pasywne stanowisko z oprogramowaniem, które wspomaga realizację ćwiczeń wzroku wg koncepcji Batesa.

EN

Eyesight is one of the most important senses, hard to exist without it. Eyesight is very sensitive and as a result of aging, sickness or inappropriate usage may get damaged partially or entirely. Very often we forget to care for it what causes more and more people getting affected by vision defects that ophthalmologists “cure” by prescribing glasses. There are methods though, that allow for improvement and sustenance of a very good eyesight sharpness. One of those is Bates method. Theory assumes that through exercises of eye muscles eyesight can be improved and glasses are not always necessary. In the thesis a few concepts of device with special software are presented that support Bates method exercises.

8

The dependence of the functional properties of the nanocomposite with matrix made of Epidian 100 resin due to size of reinforcement made of Fe67Co10Ni1W2B20 alloy

Siejka A., Szota M., Nabiałek M., Pietrusiewicz P., Łukaszewicz A., Klimas J., Błoch K.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 77, nr 2

64--68

EN

Purpose: Objective of the paper was to determine the effect of particle size fraction for the mechanical properties of powders and magnetic fields produced powder consisting of ironbased alloys and an epoxy resin (trade name Epidian 100) which was obtained as a result of press. Design/methodology/approach: Samples were produced by the method of singleunilateral pressing. To achieve the pursued objective, the following tests were performed: microstructural observations – light microscope, roughness tests, statistical the hysteresis loops. Findings: On the basis of the research it can be stated that with the increase in the size fraction of the reinforcement of composites increased their roughness and greater was their density. In addition, with the increase in the size fraction of the reinforcement of composites increased the field coercivity, while decreasing saturation magnetisation. Research limitations/implications: The study not specified time and the influence of baling pressure on the mechanical properties and magnetic properties of composites produced using the single-uniaxial press. Practical implications: The division into three fractions powder using a sieve analysis did not allow for adequate separation of powders. In each fraction were small particles. In the future, it will be used a long period of time sieving powders. Originality/value: The paper presents new method producing magnetic composites, where possible was give shape by using epoxy resin.

9

Work on the modification of the structure and properties of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy for biomedical applications

Klimas J., Łukaszewicz A., Szota M., Laskowski K.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 78, nr 1

10--16

EN

Purpose: The paper attempts to improve the properties of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy by the using of the injection casting method with rapid cooling. The comparison of the structure and properties of the Ti6Al4V titanium alloy formed by two methods: the injection casting under pressure in two variants under air and vacuum with using a rapid cooling and purchased commercially were carried out. Design/methodology/approach: Samples were produced by two methods: unconventional casting by injection under pressure of gas or vacuum to copper mold with rapid cooling, and a traditional method for the production of titanium alloys in a form of a rod. To achieve the pursued objective the following tests were performed: microstructural observations – light microscope and SEM, corrosion resistance tests, microhardness tests – Vickers method. Findings: Microstructural observations showed that the Ti6Al4V titanium alloy produced by injection casting method under pressure with rapid cooling is able to produce extremely fine-grained layer and ductile core. That distribution of structures significantly affect on the improvement of a number of properties compared to commercially produced material. Moreover, during process increased corrosion resistance was observed. Those properties have a significant impact on the possibility of using that type of a production method and material in many areas of materials science related with medicine. Research limitations/implications: In the framework of the studies, tests using living tissues, which would allow to determine whether the produced material is biocompatible and does not cause inflammation, have not been conducted. Practical implications: The application of injection casting carries some complications, which mainly relate to quartz capillary where ingot is melted. Titanium as a reactive element strongly absorbs silicon out of the capillary causing changes in the chemical composition in the surface layer of the final element. Further studies will be attempted to use a different type of material wherein the alloy will be melted. Originality/value: The paper presents the improvement of the properties of materials produced under pressure by casting injection, compared to the same material produced by a commercial method.

10

Characteristics of titanium Grade 2 and evaluation of corrosion resistance

Klimas J., Łukaszewicz A., Szota M., Szota K.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 77, nr 2

65--71

EN

Purpose: The paper attempts to improve the properties of titanium Grade 2 by the use of the injection casting method with rapid cooling. Design/methodology/approach: Microstructural observations by using an optical microscope, microhardness studies, X-ray qualitative analysis as well as corrosion resistance tests were carried out. Corrosion resistance tests were conducted by measuring the open circuit potential and measuring the resistance to corrosion by the method of anodic polarization curves in a potential range close to the corrosion potential. Findings: Studies have shown that the application of the abovementioned preparation method affect the microstructure of the finished item. There has been a fragmentation of the structure and the formation of dendrites. Those changes have improved corrosion resistance and increase microhardness. There were no changes in the phase composition. Research limitations/implications: Studies were performed only in the Ringer's solution indicating a potential use of this material as a biomaterial. Further research should be conducted in more aggressive environments especially for the energy industry and chemical industry. Practical implications: The application of injection casting carries some complications, which mainly relate to quartz capillary where ingot is melted. Titanium as a reactive element strongly absorbs silicon out of the capillary causing changes in the chemical composition in the surface layer of the final element. The addition of silicon in the surface layer may affect on obtained results. Originality/value: Using the production method indicates its use in future in many industries.

11

Modification of the Structure and Properties of the Titanium Alloy Ti6Al4V in Biomedical Applications

Klimas J., Łukaszewicz A., Szota M., Nabiałek M.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2015

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Vol. 60, iss. 3A

2013--2018

EN

From the time when Per-Ingvar Brånemark discovered oseointegration properties of titanium in 1952 a large-scale studies on the issue of usability this metal in surgery were started. Thanks to the parallel research conducted on independent centers managed to get a number of metal alloys which were implanted into the human body in the form of implants. Among the alloys produced appeared alloy of aluminum and vanadium Ti6Al4V. The mechanical properties, high biocompatibility, low density and for this relatively low-cost, caused that the alloy began to be used as a material for biomedical applications. In the present article analyzed the possibility of modifying the properties of the alloy, by choosing another method of producing – method of injection casting with suction. A comparative analysis of the input material - the alloy commercially produced in the form of a rod of the same material melted by injection under vacuum and in air were carried out. The studies results indicate that using method of injection casting with suction to produce the final item influence on significant improvement in mechanical properties as a result of fragmentation of the grains at the element surface. The mechanical properties play a key role in a tissue-implant-bone system.

PL

Od 1952roku, kiedy to Per-Ingvar Brånemark odkrył osteointegracyjne właściwości tytanu, rozpoczęto w znacznym stopniu badania w kwestii przydatności tego metalu w chirurgii. Poprzez badania prowadzone przez kilka niezależnych ośrodków naukowo - badawczych w organizm człowiek wszczepiono szereg stopów metali w postaci implantów. Wśród wszczepianych stopów pojawił się Ti6Al4V, którego charakteryzują bardzo dobre właściwości mechaniczne, wysoka zgodność biologiczna, niska gęstość przy stosunkowo niskiej cenie. Spowodowało to, że stop ten zaczął być używany jako materiał do zastosowań biomedycznych. W niniejszym artykule przeanalizowano możliwość modyfikowania właściwości stopu, poprzez zmianę metody wytwarzania, wtłaczania w atmosferze próżni lub w powietrzu. Przeprowadzono analizę porównawczą materiału wyjściowego - stopu, jaki wytwarza się komercyjnie w przemyśle w postaci prętów, a materiału uzyskanego metodą wtłaczania z zastosowaniem próżni oraz w powietrzu. Wyniki badań wykazują, że zastosowanie metody wtłaczania wpływa na znaczącą poprawę właściwości mechanicznych w wyniku rozdrobnienia ziaren na powierzchni elementu. Właściwości mechaniczne odgrywają istotną rolę w połączeniach: tkanka - implant - kość.

12

Analysis and possibility of modifying the properties of the Ti6Al4V titanium alloy via the method of the preparation for the use in a dental implant

Łukaszewicz A., Szota M.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 74, nr 2

58--66

EN

Purpose: In the given paper the analysis of the Ti6Al4V alloy has been carried out, methods for manufacturing of components for use in dentistry as well as the impact on the human body have been described. Then the controversy over the possibility of modifying the properties of a final product - an implant by the use of the injection method not used so far in that field has been taken. Design/methodology/approach: Titanium alloys in dental application should be characterized by high corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. In the framework of the given paper the commercial methods of the production of titanium elements for biomedical applications have been analysed. Findings: In the framework of the analysis of the possibilities of changes in the properties of the Ti6Al4V titanium alloy, the injection method for the production of a finished product - an implant, so far not used for a commercial scale, has been proposed. Practical implications: In practice, the application of those considerations will find the representation in further researches carried out by the possibility of using the injection method to modify and improve the mechanical and physico-chemical properties of the final product. An important aspect is the fact that during the modification of the manufacturing process the chemical composition of the alloy out of which the implant will be produced, will not change. Originality/value: The fact of taking the controversy over the possibility of using the injection methods for the production of dental implants, also for an industrial scale is an original aspect in that consideration.

13

An attempt to improve the properties of Ti15V3Al3Cr3Sn titanium alloy by applying an innovative method of shaping-injection with rapid cooling

Klimas J., Łukaszewicz A., Szota M.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 76, nr 2

122--128

EN

Purpose: The study attempts to improve the properties of Ti15V3Al3Cr3Sn titanium alloy by applying an innovative method of shaping, injection with rapid cooling. The comparison of structures and properties of Ti15V3Al3Cr3Sn titanium alloy produced by two methods: conventional one by rolling and by injection with rapid cooling has been presented. Design/methodology/approach: Ti15V3Al3Cr3Sn titanium alloy produced by two methods: traditionally used rolling to achieve products in the form of sheets and unconventionally used injection of molten alloy to mold under pressure with rapid cooling. To achieve the objective the following studies have been carried out: observation of the microstructure by the optical and scanning electron microscope, EDS to verify the chemical composition, roughness measurement to examine surface layer geometry and microhardness tests. Findings: : Observations of microstructures have shown that the Ti15V3Al3Cr3Sn titanium alloy produced by overpressure with rapid cooling has the ability to create fine-grained structure in a top layer with a more ductile core. Such a combination of the structure has enabled to obtain better mechanical properties than the samples produced by the conventional method. Hard, durable and smooth surface layer with a ductile core provides the opportunity to use that material in many fields of materials engineering. Originality/value: The paper presents studies of titanium alloy shaped by the unconventional method of injection to achieve much better properties than for alloys obtained by rolling.

14

Modelling of UAV's composite structures and prediction of safety factor

Grodzki W., Łukaszewicz A., Leśniewski K.

Applied Computer Science

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2015

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Vol. 11, no 3

67--75

EN

The paper presents possibilities of composite materials modeling using SolidWorks enviroment on example of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle wing structure. Mechanical properties of composite materials used in UAV's and process of modeling such structures in SolidWorks are described. The research problem is CFD and strenght analysis of considered structure in SolidWorks Flow Simulation. Different displacement, stresses and safety factors values were obtained for analysed types of loads. The presented approach was used to develop aircraft wing for Air Challenge 2015 competition.

15

Application of injection method to modify titanium alloy Ti6Al4V

Klimas J., Łukaszewicz A., Szota M., Nabiałek M.

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2014

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Vol. 17, no. 128-129

91--92

EN

In the present work, the samples were subjected to a comparative analysis of the titanium alloy Ti6Al4V prepared by various methods. The research included a comparison of the following properties of manufactured elements: microstructure, phase composition and surface roughness. The test results clearly showed that these properties are different when using different method of casting. These changes allows the use of prepared elements in medicine.

16

Thermal analysis of SF12050 high temperature superconducting tape

Jędryka J., Szota M., Nabiałek M., Szota K., Łukaszewicz A.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 69, nr 1

25--31

EN

Purpose: The paper deals with the determination of the impact and the possibility of heat treatment in order to improve the properties of YBa2Cu3O7-x- YBCO 2G HTS high-temperature superconducting tapes. Design/methodology/approach: Test samples of SF12050 superconducting tape, subjected to heat treatment - annealing in the temperature range of 450-1000°C. Two types of cooling were used on the air and with the furnace. Thus prepared samples were subjected to differential scanning calorimeter DSC - TG NETZSCH STA 409C.Results:The analysis was also subjected to the influence of temperature on the consistency of the protective layer with the other components of the tape, and a mechanism for destruction of the tape as a result of the impact of elevated temperatures. The paper also contains images of selected sections of the SF12050 superconducting tape which were preheated in the temperature range of 450-1000°C. Originality/value: Research carried out in the context of the article, made it possible to trace the influence of temperature on the destruction of superconducting tapes. Those studies show the destructive effects that may occur when using the type of tape, in particular as regards their application in the form of windings in transformers. Detailed knowledge of the thermal degradation mechanism of superconducting tapes, may lead to a response on how to modify them in order to avoid the devastating effect of temperature during operation.

17

The impact of the powder fraction on the structural and magnetic properties of polymer matrix composites

Bukowska A., Szota M., Nabiałek M., Błoch K., Łukaszewicz A., Klimas J.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 68, nr 2

59--65

EN

Purpose: The preparation of composite materials composed of Fe66Co10Ni2W2B20 alloy powders and epoxy resin and determining the influence of the alloy powders fraction Fe66Co10Ni2W2B20 on mechanical and magnetic properties of produced materials. Design/methodology/approach: Tested samples made of Fe66Co10Ni2W2B20 alloy powders and epoxy resin, were produced by pressing with pressure 5MPa during 10 s. In order to examine produced materials structural studies were conducted (observation under an optical microscope, a scanning electron microscope with EDS analysis), mechanical (measurement of surface roughness) and magnetic (obtaining static magnetic hysteresis loop based on measurements were made using a vibrating magnetometer (VSM)).Results: Pressing of Fe66Co10Ni2W2B20 alloy powders and epoxy resin allows to obtain composite materials, which are divided into three fractions, namely: 20-50 μm 50-100 μm 100-200 μm characterized, with the increasing size of the fraction of reinforcement, the better development of the area. Magnetic studies show that with increasing size of the fraction of the reinforcement, those materials have smaller coercive field, as well as the observed decrease in saturation magnetization. Originality/value: By combining Fe66Co10Ni2W2B20 alloy powders and epoxy resin composite materials with different fractions of reinforcement, which exhibit better properties than the starting materials used to receive are possible to obtain.

18

Forming properties of titanium alloy for biomedical applications

Klimas J., Łukaszewicz A., Szota M., Bukowska A., Nabiałek M.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 70, nr 2

61--69

EN

Purpose: A preparation of surface layers on the surface of the titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V as a result of thermo-chemical treatment and a comparison of obtained layers from baseline. The results of studies comparing the structure and properties of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V with produced surface layers. Design/methodology/approach: Test samples were the titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V, which was subjected to heat-chemical treatment, consisting in annealing components in air for 1 hour at each temperature: 400ºC, 450ºC, 500ºC, 550ºC, 600ºC. To achieve pursued objective the following tests: microstructural observation of the cross section, which made it possible to study the thickness of the produced coating study were performed, a study of the geometry of the surface was performed – roughness and hardness were measured. Wear resistance of each layer was shown. Ringer liquid simulates the conditions similar in the human body. Results: Through the use of thermo-chemical treatment, it is possible to obtain surface layers of different thicknesses on titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V. A method used for thermo-chemical treatment can produce a layer that affect the increase in hardness, whose value is almost twice higher than that of the without workup alloy. The evaluation of surface topography allowed to state that all samples were subjected to thermal-chemical treatment have a similar level of the development of the surface. The lowest roughness has alloy, annealed at 500°C. The study shows that the corrosion resistance of titanium alloy is dependent on the thickness of the obtained surface layers. The highest corrosion potential has the sample annealed at 500°C. Originality/value: The paper summarizes comparative studies of titanium alloy and the alloy with produced oxide layers, proving by far superior to the results with produced alloy layers, which one were produced by the injection method, than in the case of alloys produced by the drawing method.

19

Determination of chemical composition and structure of YBa2Cu3O7-x – YBCO/Cu 2G HTS superconducting tape

Jędryka J., Szota M., Nabiałek M., Szota K., Łukaszewicz A.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 70, nr 1

14--20

EN

Purpose: The paper concerns the determination of the chemical composition and structure of high-temperature superconducting tapes YBa2Cu3O7-x– YBCO/Cu 2G HTS. Design/methodology/approach: Studies were carried outusing a scanning electron microscope with a chemical composition analyser on prepared samples of a tape. Moreover, an abrasion resistance test which shown resistance to friction at 1, 2 and 3 hours by using ball-tester was carried out. The individual layers which are components of the test tape and depths of wipes which appeared after test on ball-tester were evaluated. Findings: Studies showed a lot of information about abrasion resistance of tapes. Hourly friction, using ceramic ball did not result in breakthrough coating. The investigation are carried out for one, two and three hours. They also confirmed the chemical compositions provided by the manufacturer, as well as describe the individual layers of examined superconducting tapes. Originality/value: Detailed studies in particular, on wear resistance of superconductors, which relate to the chemical composition of the tapes, and their construction carried out in the context of the article, may be a prelude to further research into the production of superconducting tapes that will show much greater resistance to abrasion. The essence of the problem is a construction base, in particular during the installation of such tapes, for example in the form of a transformer winding.

20

Comparison of results obtained using the injection method of preparation of solid amorphous alloys with and without suction

Klimas J., Łukaszewicz A., Szota M., Nabiałek M., Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz A.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 67, nr 2

77--83

EN

Purpose: The study compares the structure and properties titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V produced by injection method allowing the production of massive amorphous materials in two varies – with and without suction. Design/methodology/approach: Samples were produced form titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V produced by injection method. Structures and properties were compared of the same alloy but with different conditions in production process – with and without suction. To achieve the objective perused the following tests were carried out: study of phase composition by X-ray diffraction, observation of microstructure by using optical microscope and SEM, study of surface geometry – roughness, abrasion resistance tests and microhardness tests. Results: Microstructural studies have allowed to observe that the titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V produced by injection method in both varies – with and without suction during injection to copper mold, has structure partially crystalized – nanocrystalline. In structure occur the crystal nuclei and lack of arrangement and regularity. The study of microhardness showed 100 HV 0.1 units higher hardness value in the embodiment with suction in comparison to the variant without suction. Titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V produced with suction has better abrasion resistance in comparison with same alloy without suction. Alloy produced with suction has lower development area. Originality/value: The paper presented studies of massive amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys produced by alternative method – injection casting in two variants – with and without suction. That kind of production allow produced alloys with same chemical composition as commercial but with far better properties.