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Advanced persistent threats as a manifestation of states’ military activity in cyber space

Olszewski B.

Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces

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2018

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Vol. 50, No. 3(189)

57--71

EN

The term Advanced Persistent Threats (APT, APTs) has a relatively short history – originated in the United States’ government spheres and as such was referred to cyber attacks waged by a state actor. The emergence of such threats has been linked to the evolution of the hacker underground that took place after 2000. The activity of specialists swelling the Black Hat ranks had the nature of criminal offences, targeting data collected by corporations and state institutions. Despite a dozen or so years of experience with APTs, they continue to be a dynamic category of contemporary cyber security threats, with many evolving components beyond simple classification. Their unambiguous identification as a strictly separate type is obstructed mainly by the complex structure of such attacks, prompting analysts to locate them in a catalog containing various known vulnerabilities, mechanisms, cycles and variables. The analysis of the problem and the evolution of attacks to date has led to the hypothesis that Advanced Persistent Threats are now in the phase of their further modification and testing as a means of offensive action in inter-state and asymmetric conflicts. Armed forces and special services of states saw in them not only a tool per se to achieve economic and military advantage, but a theoretical basis for further research on the development of advanced cyber weapon.

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Militarization of cyber space and multidimensionality of security

Olszewski B.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki

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2016

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Nr 2

104--120

EN

The development of theoretical foundations for computer networks and their practical implementation has given rise to the progressive computerization of armed activities. The idea of a communication medium resistant to a nuclear attack, which was developed in the late sixties of the twentieth century in the form of the ARPANET, affects strategic, operational and tactical dimensions of the modern battlefield. It is also an important element shaping the processes related to ensuring the security of the state, both in the internal dimension as well as in dealings with other actors of international relations. Multi-layeredness and the growing complexity of cyber space cause that cyber security policy has been placed not only in the context of critical infrastructure, but also all the aspects of ethical and legal issues are taken into account. The armed forces have become an integral part of the information society, and as such, have been increasingly influenced by the civil sphere. The militarization of cyber space results directly from increasing saturation of the state structure with ICT technologies and the growing importance of these components in the process of ensuring security. The wide access to ICT generates a new threat to the defense system, including the armed forces. The ability of the digital impact on the military sphere, evidenced by many non-state actors, is today the main reason for implementing regulations restricting the activity of citizens in the global network.

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Naddniestrzańska Republika Mołdawska w polityce Federacji Rosyjskiej

Olszewski B.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki

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2014

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Nr 3

137--149

PL

Główne tezy referatu dotyczą kluczowej roli Naddniestrzańskiej Republiki Mołdawskiej w zabezpieczaniu wpływów Federacji Rosyjskiej w historycznym pasie buforowym oddzielającym dwa bloki militarne doby zimnowojennej. Obecna sytuacja geopolityczna na Ukrainie i w regionie Morza Czarnego potwierdza kluczową rolę Naddniestrza jako przyczółka militarnego Federacji. Tym samym daje podstawy do przewidywania potencjalnego rozwinięcia sytuacji w Naddniestrzu w kierunku destabilizacji i przyłączenia tego quasi-państwowego bytu do Rosji. Tymczasem rola, jaką Naddniestrze odgrywa obecnie w tym konflikcie jest związana z szerszym kontekstem strategicznym, dotyczącym sytuacji na Bliskim Wschodzie.

EN

The main thesis of this article relates to the key role played by the Transnistrian Moldovan Republic in securing the influence of the Russian Federation in the historical buffer zone. The current geopolitical situation in Ukraine and the Black Sea region confirms the key role of Transnistria as a military outpost of the Federation. Thus, it can be predicted that the situation in Transnistria may develop into the destabilization and the annexation of this quasi-state to Russia. Meanwhile, the current role of Transnistria in this conflict should be placed in a broader strategic context, relating to the situation in the Middle East.