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1

Study of thin films for application in photovoltaic cells

Weszka J., Jarka P., Jurusik J., Domański M., Szindler M.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2013

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Vol. 64, nr 2

182--191

EN

Purpose: of this paper: The major aim of this paper was describing technical conditions of thermal evaporation method of organic thin film used as active layers for photovoltaic cells. Design/methodology/approach: The organic thin films have been obtained by thermal evaporation process from two sources. The two sources technique alleged to using the mixtures of two kinds of materials on deposited substrate and created the bulk p-n junction. By steering the source temperature the deposited rate of substrates has been changed which has led to changes in the share component in the layer. Findings: The obtained results describe the influence of evaporation process from two sources on optical properties and surface morphology of thin films which consist molecular materials - perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) and metal phthalocyanines (NiPc, TiOPc) blends. Research limitations/implications: The morphology and optical properties of thin films films made of organic materials MePc:PTCDA were described. This paper include also influence of physical vapor deposition process conditions on properties of thin films. Practical implications: The obtained results allowed to create the bulk p-n junction. The MePc:PTCDA thin films can be used in photovoltaic applications. Originality/value: The value of this paper is defining the optimal parameters of thermal evaporation from two sources for preparing MePc:PTCDA thin film with the best properties for photovoltaic applications. This paper describes the use of molecular materials for PVD technology. Results of these researches allowed to develop the technology of bulk heterojunction of molecular materials.

2

Reconstruction of thin films polyazomethine based on microscopic images

Weszka J., Szindler M., Śliwa A., Hajduk B., Jurusik J.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2011

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Vol. 48, nr 1

40-48

EN

The aim of this paper was to investigate changes in surface morphology of thin films of polyazomethine PPI. Thin films were prepared using low-temperature chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method.

3

Influence of technological conditions on optical properties and morphology of spin-coated PPI thin films

Chwastek M., Weszka J., Jurusik J., Hajduk B., Jarka P.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2011

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Vol. 48, nr 2

69-76

EN

The aim of this paper is to show technical and chemical parameters influence on optical properties and morphology of poly (1,4-phenylenemethylenenitrilo- 1,4-phenylenenitrilomethylene) (PPI) thin films prepared by spin-coating method

4

Tailoring electronic structure of polyazomethines thin films

Wieszka J., Hajduk B., Domański M., Chwastek M., Jurusik J., Jarząbek B., Bednarski H., Jarka P.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2010

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Vol. 42, nr 1-2

180-187

EN

Purpose: The aim of this work is to show how electronic properties of polyazomethine thin films deposited by chemical vapor deposition method (CVD) can be tailored by manipulating technological parameters of pristine films preparation as well as modifying them while the as-prepared films put into iodine atmosphere. Design/methodology/approach: The recent achievements in the field of designing and preparation methods to be used while preparing polymer photovoltaic solar cells or optoelectronic devices. Findings: The method used allow for pure pristine polymer thin films to be prtepared without any unintentional doping taking place during prepoaration methods. This is a method based on polycondensation process, where polymer chain developing is running directly due to chemical reaction between molecules of bifunctional monomers. The method applied to prepare thin films of polyazomethines takes advantage of monomer transporting by mreans of neutral transport agent as pure argon is. Research limitations/implications: The main disadvantage of alternately conjugated polymers seems to be quite low mobility of charge carrier that is expected to be a consequence of their backbone being built up of sp2 hybridized carbon and nitrogen atoms. Varying technological conditions towards increasing reagents mass transport to the substrate is expected to give such polyazomethine thin films organization that phenylene rin stacking can result in special đ electron systems rather than linear ones as it is the case. Originality/value: Our results supply with original possibilities which can be useful in ooking for good polymer materials for optoelectronic and photovoltaic applications. These results have been gained on polyazomethine thin films but their being isoelectronic counterpart to widely used poly p-phenylene vinylene may be very convenient to develop high efficiency polymer solar cells.

5

Comparing of optical properties and morphology of polyoxadiazoles with CF3 groups

Hajduk B., Jarka P., Weszka J., Bruma M., Jurusik J., Chwastek M., Mańskowski D.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2010

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Vol. 40, nr 1

7-14

EN

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to compare optical properties of 4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2(-4(-3(4-(5-(4-m-tolyoxy)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenoxy)phenylcarbomyl)phenyl)propan2-yl)-N-methylbenzamide (Oxad 6F-D) and 4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2(-4-(4-(4-(5-(4-(p-tolyoxy)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenoxycarbaomyl)phenyl)propan-2-yl)-N-methylbenzamide (Oxad 6F-E). Design/methodology/approach: The Oxad 6F polymer thin films were deposited onto glass and KBr substrates by spin–coating method under different technological conditions. Findings: The spinning rate V and solution concentration C influenced optical properties of Oxad 6F-D and Oxad 6F-E thin films. The goal of this paper is to show differences in properties of these polymers. Research limitations/implications: The electrical and luminescent properties of Oxad 6F polymers will be carried out in the nearest time. The different properties of these polymers are caused by benzene position in the polymer chain, two aromatic rings are in meta-position in Oxad 6F-D and all benzene rings are in para-positions in Oxad 6F-E. Practical implications: Thin films of Oxad 6F-D and Oxad 6F-E are good potential material for applications in polymer optoelectronic devices. Originality/value: The aim of this paper is to describe the optical properties of Oxad 6F polymers prepared under different technological conditions.

6

Studying of polyoxadiazole with Si atom in the backbone

Hajduk B., Jarka P., Weszka J., Bruma M., Jurusik J., Chwastek M., Mańkowski D.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2010

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Vol. 42, nr 2

77-84

EN

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to show properties of spin-coated thin films of new polymer having silicon atom in the backbone. This amorphous polymer has appeared to be applied as active films in organic devices (as OLED). Design/methodology/approach: Thin films of 4-(diphenyl(4-(4-(5-(p-tolyoxy)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)phenyloamino)methyl)-phenyl)silyl)-1-methylbenzamide (Oxad–Si-B) were obtained by spin-coating method. The methodology of preparing was changing of technological parameters such as solution concentration and spinning rate V. The films were deposited with five spinning rates. Findings: Such technological parameters as spinning rate and solution concentration has appeared to influence optical properties of thin films. These parameters were found to influence surface morphology and UV-Vis absorption spectra of thin films. Research limitations/implications: The optical properties of obtained films will allow further researches of this polymer. Its optical properties allow carrying of electrical measurements, which will be carried out in the nearest time. Practical implications: The value of Oxad-Si (B) energy gap suggests its luminescent properties and applications of this material as active film in optoelectronic devices. Originality/value: The goal of this paper is to show optical properties of thin films prepared with most optimal technology conditions.

7

Diffuse scattering in polyazomethine thin films

Jaglarz J., Cisowski J., Czternastek H., Odsterczyl W., Jurusik J., Domański M.

Polimery

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2009

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T. 54, nr 1

15-18

EN

The results of optical studies of the diffuse reflectance and transmittance of polyazomethine (PPI) thin films prepared by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique are reported. The obtained experimental data prove the presence of centers causing the Rayleigh-type scattering of light. These centers, with a spherical structure (spherolites), are formed in the process of crystallization during the growth of PPI films and they are responsible for the volume scattering of light.

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań odbicia i transmisji optycznej cienkich warstw poliazometyny (PPI) utworzonych metodą CVD (osadzania chemicznego z fazy gazowej, Chemical Vapor Deposition) z p-fenylenodiaminy i aldehydu tereftalowego. Wyniki te (rys. 1-4) dowodzą istnienia centrów odpowiedzialnych za rozpraszanie światła typu Rayleigh'a. Centra rozpraszania mają strukturę sferyczną (sferolity) i tworzą się w procesie krystalizacji w toku narastania warstw PPI; są one odpowiedzialne za rozpraszanie objętościowe światła. Określona metodą profilometrii optycznej grubość badanych warstw (rys. 5) mieściła się w przedziale 0,15-1,2žm. Scharakteryzowano za pomocą mikroskopu sił atomowych (AFM) chropowatość PPI nie wywierała istotnego wpływu na badaną transmitancje i odbicie.

8

Studying of spin-coated oxad-Si properties

Weszka J., Dobrzański L. A., Jarka P., Jurusik J., Hajduk B., Bruma M., Konieczny J., Mańskowski D.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2009

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Vol. 37, nr 2

505-511

EN

Purpose: The major aim of this paper was describing technical conditions of polymer thin film deposition by spin-coating techniques. Design/methodology/approach: Thin films of about nanometres thickness were prepared by spin-coating and their properties were studied. As a material for preparing polymer thin films oxad-Si was used. The thin films were deposited with various spinning velocity from solution of different concentration. Thin films were deposited on BK7 glass and quartz substrates. Findings: The obtained results describe influence of the solution concentration and spinning velocity on morphology and optical properties of spin-coated oxad-Si thin films. Research limitations/implications: The obtained results confirm the oxad-Si availability for optoelectronic application to be stipulated. Practical implications: The morphology and optical properties of Oxad-Si polymer thin films were described. This paper include also description of the influence of deposition conditions on properties of polymer thin films. Originality/value: The value of this paper is defining the optimal parameters of spin-coating technology for preparing oxad-Si thin film with the best properties for optoelectronics appliances. This paper describes new experimental polymeric material for spin coating technology. Results of these researches enable to develop the spin-coating technology.

9

Studying of kinetic growth of organic thin films

Weszka J. P., Jarka P., Pakuła D., Dobrzański L. A., Domański M., Jurusik J.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2009

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Vol. 35, nr 1

29-36

EN

Purpose: of this paper: Studying of growth kinetic of organic thin film prepared by vacuum thermal evaporation technology. Design/methodology/approach: Applying of quartz crystal microbalance to thickness control of organic thin films deposition process. Findings: Results of this issue suggesting that the kinetics of organic thin films is depending of current flowing through the crucible (crucible temperature). Research limitations/implications: Kinetics of vacuum evaporation of thin film is different from that of inorganic thin films during the growth process. Practical implications: The means of connect the quartz crystal microbalance MSV 1843/AB with vacuum chamber, function and means of thickness and deposition rate measuring has been described. This scientific paper include also description of researching results of kinetics of organic and metallic thin film evaporation process by MSV 1843/AB quartz crystal microbalance and verification these results by comparing them with results from other measuring techniques. Originality/value: Controlling thickness of thermally evaporated organic thin film during the film growth process.

10

Influence of LCVD technological parameters on properties of polyazomethine thin films

Hajduk B., Weszka J., Jurusik J.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2009

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Vol. 36, nr 1

41-48

EN

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to show influence of technological parameters (temperature and gas stream intensity) of low-temperature chemical vapour deposition (LCVD) on optical properties and morphology of polyazomethine thin films. Design/methodology/approach: Thin layers of poly (1,4-phenylene-methylenenitrilo-1,4-phenylenenitrilo-methylene) (PPI) were prepared by low temperature LCVD method with use of argon as a transport agent. The UV-Vis spectroscopy and AFM microscopy measurements on PPI thin films were performed. Findings: The LCVD parameters, like temperature and argon stream intensity, influence growth rate, morphology and optical properties of polyazomethine thin films. Optimalization of technical parameters allows for thin films with desired properties to be prepared. Research limitations/implications: Optimalization of technical LCVD parameters leads to preparing PPI thin films having desired morphology and optical properties suitable for optoelectronic applications. Practical implications: PPI polyazomethine is good material for potential applications as the active layer in optoelectronic or photonic structure (diods or photovoltaic cells). Originality/value: LCVD with use of argon is relatively new method for preparing of thin polymer films. Recognizing of optimal technical parameters will make possible getting of thin films with required properties.

11

Physical properties of polyazomethine thin films doped with iodine

Hajduk B., Weszka J., Jarząbek B., Jurusik J., Domański M.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2007

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Vol. 24, nr 2

67-70

EN

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to show influence of doping 1,4-phenylene-methylenenitrilo-1,4- phenylenenitrilomethylene (PPI) with iodine and to propose doping mechanism and its impact on electronic structure of doped PPI thin films. Design/methodology/approach: Influence of iodine doping on electronic structure of polyazomethine thin films was investigated. Optical absorption spectra, XRD spectra and AFM images of doped PPI thin films were recorded. Findings: Doping mechanism relys on removing one electron from PPI pi-system by 12 molecules and forming counterions 13-. Formation of positive polaron means that doping of polyazomethine PPI is p - type. Research limitations/implications: Influence of iodine doping on electrical properties (with increasing of temperature) of PPI thin layers will be checking with Kethley appliance. We plan these measurements to be done in the foreseeable future. Practical implications: Iodine doping of thin PPI films process could results in better electrical conductivity of PPI, so doped polyazomethine films could find some applications for photonic and optoelectronic devices. Originality/value: Conjugated PPI is rarely enough reported but it is very interesting material as it has nitrogen atom in the backbone and it is isoelectronic counterpart of polyparaphenylenevinylene (PPV). This paper show that doping influences on surface morphology, cristallinity and optical properties of polymer. Furthermore, doping mechanism and changes of polymer electronic structure have been proposed in this paper.

12

Analiza topografii powierzchni materiałów polimerowych, stosowanych jako podłoża do hodowli chondrocytów techniką AFM

Szczerba J., Orchel A., Jelonek K., Kasperczyk J., Jurusik J., Dobrzyński P., Bielecki I., Dzierżewicz Z.

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2007

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Vol. 10, no. 63-64

55-58

PL

Przy pomocy mikroskopu sił atomowych przeprowadzono analizę topografii powierzchni materiałów polimerowych w aspekcie badań adhezji i proliferacji komórek chondrocytów. Hodowle komórkowe prowadzono na płytkach opłaszczonych kopolimerami laktydu z glikolidem lub laktydu z trimetylenowęglanem. Kopolimer statystyczny laktydu z glikolidem 85/15 otrzymany w kopolimeryzacji wobec inicjatora cyrkonowego okazał się obiecującym materiałem o potencjalnym zastosowaniu jako nośnika chondrocytów w terapii defektów tkanki chrzęstnej.

EN

The analysis of the surface topography of polymeric materials in aspect of chondrocyte adhesion and proliferation was performed using atomic force microscope technique. Dishes coated with biodegradable copolymers of lactide with glycolide and lactide with trimethylenocarbonate were used in cell culture. Random poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) 85/15 obtained in the copolymerization with zirconium initiator proved the promising material, which can be used as the carrier of chondrocytes in therapy of the cartilaginous tissues defects.

13

Technology of Optical Bragg's Gratings on Planar Waveguides for Acoustooptic Applications

Pustelny T., Zielonka I., Tyszkiewicz C., Pustelny B., Jurusik J.

Molecular and Quantum Acoustics

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2005

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Vol. 26

217-226

EN

The aim of the presented investigations was to develop a technique of producing Bragg's gratings on planar waveguides for their application in acoustooptic structures. Waveguides are obtained by means of the sol-gel technology and they are deposited on piezoelectric plates. The introduction of a beam of light into the structure of the waveguide is in the case of planar or strip optical systems always an essential technical problem, requiring simple and reproducible solutions without excessive extending the waveguide structure. In the paper the technology of producing grating couplers by impressing the pattern of the network while forming the planar waveguide structure applying the sol-gel method was presented. The results of the investigations on grating couplers obtained in such a way have been discussed, too.

14

Własności optyczne powierzchni stali ST3SY poddanych procesom trawienia i utleniania

Jaglarz J., Zięba Ł., Cisowski J., Jurusik J.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2005

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Vol. 26, nr 2

88-91

PL

Wykonano badania odbicia dla próbek stali ST3SY poddanych procesom wytrawiania i utleniania za pomocą sfery integrującej. Pomiary takie pozwoliły rozdzielić składową natężenia światła odbitego zwierciadlanie od składowej natężenia światła rozproszonego dyfuzyjnie od badanych powierzchni, a tym samym określić jakość powierzchni, która zmienia się w istotny sposób po obróbce mechanicznej (polerowaniu) i chemicznej (trawienie, korozja). Badania za pomocą mikroskopu sił atomowych potwierdziły przydatność sfery integrującej do wyznaczania chropowatości powierzchni stalowych. Stwierdzono niewielkie zmiany całkowitego odbicia fal elektromagnetycznych od powierzchni stali ST3SY poddanych obróbce mechanicznej. W istotny sposób zmienia się udział składowych zwierciadlanej i dyfuzyjnej w odbiciu optycznym. Metodę kuli integrującej zastosowano do pomiarów zmiany chropowatości w funkcji czasu wytrawiania. Stwierdzono, że wytrawianie w roztworze kwasu solnego powoduje początkowo zmniejszenie chropowatości stali polerowanych i niepolerowanych, a po dłuższych czasach wytrawiania chropowatość wzrasta, przy czym obserwowane zmiany są rzędu 15 %. W badaniach optycznych utleniania in situ na wolnym powietrzu powierzchni stali polerowanych i niepolerowanych stwierdzono zmniejszanie się chropowatości z upływem czasu, przy czym zmiany te następowały najszybciej w czasie pierwszych 200 s, a następnie chropowatości asymptotycznie wracały do wartości początkowych. Mniejsze wartości pola powierzchni polerowanych w stosunku do niepolerowanych zmniejszają podatność tych pierwszych na procesy trawienia i utleniania.

EN

The reflectivity studies of ST3SY steel samples subjected to etching and oxidation processes have been performed with an integrating sphere (Fig. 2). Such measurements have allowed to separate the specular - and diffuse component intensities of light reflected from the studied surfaces (Fig. 1), in order to determine the surface quality which changes substantially after mechanical- (polishing) and chemical treatments (etching, corrosion). The performed atomic force microscopy (AFM) investigations (Fig. 5) support applicability of the integrating sphere for determination of steel surface roughness (Fig. 4). It has been found that the total light reflectivity from the ST3SY steel surfaces changes very little after mechanical treatment but contribution of specular- and diffusive components of the optical reflectivity changes substantially (Fig. 3). The integrating sphere method has been applied to follow the roughness changes as a function of time of etching. It has been found that etching in an HCl solution causes initially decreasing of roughness of both polished and non-polished surfaces but, after longer etching time, roughness increases and the observed changes are of the order of 15 % (Fig. 6). During the optical studies of oxidation in situ in the free air, it has been found that roughness of both polished- and non-polished surfaces decreases with time; such changes occur rapidly during first 200 s and then roughnesses asymptotically go back to their initial values (Table 1). The fact that area of polished surface is lower than that of non-polished one causes decreasing of susceptibility of the former on the etching and oxidation processes.

15

Bragg's grating coupler in planar optical sol-gel waveguides

Pustelny T., Zielonka I., Karasiński P., Jurusik J.

Optica Applicata

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2004

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Vol. 34, nr 4

477-487

EN

The aim of investigation was to develop a technique of producing Bragg's grating couplers on planar waveguides obtained by means of the sol-gel technique. Introducting a light beam into the waveguide structure is in the case of planar optical systems always an essential technological problem, requiring simple and reproducible solutions without extending the waveguide structure too much. The paper deals with the technology of producing grating couplers by impressing the pattern of the network while forming the planar waveguide structure applying the sol-gel method. the results of investigation on grating couplers obtained in such a way have also been presented. Attention has been drawn to the possibility of using such structures in optoelectronic sensors, particulary gas sensors, including sensors of toxic gases.

16

Investigations of the surface morphology of Al2O3 layers by atomic force microscopy

Skoneczny W., Jurusik J., Burian A.

Materials Science Poland

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2004

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Vol. 22, No. 3

265--278

EN

Amorphous alumina coating films, prepared on aluminium substrates by oxidation by the electrolytic method in ternary electrolytes, have been characterised by atomic force microscopy. The surface roughness and growth structure of the obtained Al2O3 films are related to the experimental conditions: temperature, current density, and deposition time. They are also related to the preparation method of the aluminium substrate surface. The columnar growth revealed by atomic force microscopy, with shape and size of columns depending on temperature and current density, has been confirmed by scanning electron microscopy.

17

Roughness of amorphous Zn-P thin films

Jarząbek B., Jurusik J., Cisowski J., Nowak M.

Optica Applicata

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2001

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Vol. 31, nr 1

93-101

EN

The effect of thickness variation and the surface roughness of amorphous Zn/sub 32/P/sub 68/ thin films has been investigated by the interference spectroscopy of the optical transmittance and reflectance, as well as by the atomic force microscopy (AFM). The analysis of the optical data allowed determination of the standard deviation of the thin film thickness by taking into account the Gaussian distribution of the change in phase of radiation traversing a thin film. It appears that the value of the standard deviation of the film thickness determined from the optical interference spectroscopy ( sigma /sub w/ approximately=26 nm) is comparable with the value of the mean surface roughness (R/sub a/ approximately=19 nm) evaluated from the AFM studies.

18

Some optical properties of amorphous In-Se thin films

Michalewicz A., Jarząbek B., Cisowski J., Jurusik J., Burian A. M., Weszka J.

Electron Technology

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1998

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Vol. 31, No. 3/4

411-416

EN

Studies of the optical properties of amorphous thin films of In-Se (a-In-Se) thermally evaporated from the bulk polycrystalline In2Se3 are presented. The absorption coefficient and rrefractive index are obtained from the transmission and reflectivity spectra, covering the energy range 0.4÷6.2 eV. The fundamental absorption edge, found from the tauc relation, increases from 1.64 eV to 1.73 eV, when decreasing the deposition rate from 0.7 nm/s to 16.7 nm/s. The values of refractive index are of 2.60÷2.67 and the broad peak in the reflectivity spectra at about 5 eV is thought to be attributed to the four-coordinated In atoms which are dominated in a-In-Se films under study. The surface morphology has been examineted by the atomic force microscopy (AFM) showing that the surface of the films studied is rather smooth with, however, some growth defects of density depending on the deposition conditions.