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Ekologiczne autobusy VOLVO

Pajączek Z.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów / Politechnika Warszawska

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2011

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z. 1/82

199--206

PL

W artykule przedstawiono możliwości konfiguracji układu napędowego nowoczesnych autobusów na bazie kompleksowej oferty produktowej szwedzkiej firmy Volvo AB. wg stanu na koniec 2010 roku. Uwzględniono podział autobusów ze względu na przeznaczenie, autobusy miejskie i międzymiastowe. Przedstawiono możliwości pozwalające na optymalny dobór konfiguracji układu napędowego do stawianych zadań transportowych. W kilku zdaniach przedstawiono też hybrydowy układ napędowy dla autobusu miejskiego.

EN

In the paper configuration possibility for driveline for modern buses were described based on Volvo Bussar AB current offer (end of 2010). There were taken in consideration the driving conditions i.e. city and intercity buses. All those variants let the qualified personnel to choose optimal solution for transport tasks. Few words were dedicated to Volvo Bus Hybrid driveline solution for city application.

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Ekologiczny silnik wysokoprężny

Kowalewicz A., Pajączek Z.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Mechanika

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2004

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R. 101, z. 6-M/1

373--382

PL

W artykule przedstawiono opracowaną koncepcję ekologicznego silnika o zapłonie samoczynnym, zasilanego dodatkowo etanolem wtryskiwanym do kanału dolotowego podczas suwu sprężania. Takie dodatkowe zasilanie etanolem ma na celu wytworzenie homogenicznej gazowej mieszanki z powietrzem (po odparowaniu), przyspieszającej spalanie głównego paliwa, tj. oleju napędowego. Skutkuje to znacznym skróceniem czasu spalania i w efekcie wzrostem sprawności przy optymalnym doborze kąta początku wtrysku oleju napędowego. Drugim powodem zastosowania etanolu było ograniczenie emisji netto gazu cieplarnianego (CO2) ze względu na roślinne pochodzenie etanolu (rośliny pochłaniają CO2 z atmosfery podczas wegetacji w takim stopniu, w jakim jest on emitowany przy spalaniu) oraz z uwagi na mniejszy udział węgla w cząsteczce etanolu. Badania przeprowadzono na jednocylindrowym silniku o zapłonie samoczynnym, adaptowanym do wtrysku określonej dawki etanolu do kanału dolotowego. Eksperymenty przeprowadzono przy trzech prędkościach obrotowych silnika i dla każdej z nich dla trzech kątów początku wtrysku paliwa głównego i dla dwu obciążeń (dużego i małego). Na podstawie zarejestrowanych wyników stwierdzono, że: energetyczny udział etanolu, w odniesieniu do energii obu paliw, może sięgać 50% energii potrzebnej dla jednego cyklu pracy silnika (ograniczeniem jest tu stuk); sprawność ogólna silnika wzrosła w porównaniu z zasilaniem standardowym, zwłaszcza dla dużego obciążenia; zadymienie spalin znacząco spada już przy bardzo małych energetycznych udziałach etanolu i niezależnie od obciążenia; emisja gazu cieplarnianego również zmniejsza się wraz ze wzrostem udziału etanolu niezależnie od obciążenia; emisja tlenków azotu spadła dla małych obciążeń, a utrzymała się na podobnym poziomie dla większych w porównaniu z silnikiem zasilanym tylko olejem napędowym.

EN

Concept of ecological CI engine with additional ethanol injection into inlet port, during intake stroke, was invented and presented in this paper. Investigation was carried out on one-cylinder, direct injection CI engine with modified inlet duet for injection of ethanol, at three engine speeds. At each speed three beginning of injection angles and two loads were tested. This additional fuelling aiming to get a homogenius mixture with air which is reaulting in combustion acceleration of diesel fuel (which is still a main fuel). As effect combustion process is shorter and due to that engine efficiency rose especially for higher load. Second reason of dual fuelling CI engine was possibility to reduce the amount of greenhouse gas and smoke level. NOx emission decreased for low load, but for higher one was kept at the same level in comparison with neat diesel fuelled engine.

3

Dual fuel engine fuelled with ethanol and diesel fuel

Kowalewicz A., Pajączek Z.

Journal of KONES

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2003

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Vol. 10, No. 1-2

125-133

EN

Investigation of the possibility of dual fuelling of compression ignition (CI) engine with diesel fuel and additionally with ethanol, which is injected into inlet manifold, was carried out. Due to physico-chemicals properties of ethanol, such as: poor lubrication properties, poor miscibility with diesel fuel in presence of water, corrosion and chemical degradation of engine materials neat ethanol and diesel fuel - ethanol mixture cannot be used in CI engines. Investigation was carried out on one-cylinder, direct injection CI engine with modified inlet duct for injection of ethanol. Investigations showed that: -energy ratio of ethanol to diesel fuel up to over 50% -may be applied, engine thermal efficiency -increased, with the increasing load, -soot emission was decreased dramatically already for small amount of injected ethanol, -emission of greenhouse gas (CO2) was decreased with increasing amount of ethanol, -NOX emission was decreased for small load but for high load is kept at the same level as when the engine is fuelled only on diesel fuel. Optimization of the energy ratio of both fuels and injection timing of diesel fuel is being carried out.

4

Eco-Diesel Engine with Additional Injection of Ethanol

Kowalewicz A., Pajączek Z.

Archivum Combustionis

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2003

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Vol. 23 nr 3-4

169-183

EN

Investigation into possibility of fuelling of compression ignition (CI) engine, with an addition of ethanol, was carried out. Ethanol can be a suitable fuel for SI engines, but its application to CI engines requires an assisted ignition. In this work ethanol was injected into the inlet port and entered the engine cylinder mostly as a vapour. Diesel fuel remained a main fuel, but played the role of the ignition fuel. Investigation was carried out on one-cylinder, direct injection CI engine with modified inlet duct for injection of ethanol. The investigations showed that: 1) energy ratio of ethanol to diesel fuel up to 50% can be applied, 2) engine thermal efficiency increased, with the increasing load, 3) soot emission was decreased dramatically after even a small amount of the injected ethanol, 4) emission of greenhouse gas (CO2) was decreased with increasing amount of ethanol, 5) NOx emission was decreased for a small load, but for a high load it is kept at the same level if the engine is fuelled only with diesel fuel. Optimization of the energy ratio of both fuels and injection timing of diesel fuel is being carried out at present.

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Preliminary investigation of diesel engine with additional injection of ethyl alcohol

Kowalewicz A., Pawlak G., Pajączek Z.

Journal of KONES

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2002

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Vol. 9, No. 3-4

136-142

EN

The objective of the work was investigation of possibility of dual fuelling of CI engine with diesel fuel and ethyl alcohol in order to decrease engine emission and increase its thermal efficiency. Alcohol, which is injected to the engine inlet port evaporates quickly, but doesn't ignite (due to low cetane number). After self-ignition of diesel fuel, ignited alcohol would promote further burning of it, that results in shorter combustion period, and thanks to that - increasing of thermal efficiency of the engine. Furthermore, later injection of diesel fuel would result in increasing of indicated work and decreasing of NOx. Preliminary investigation, which was carried out with the use of 1HC102 CI engine with modified inlet duct for injection of ethyl alcohol, showed that at the same torque and speed: •thermal efficiency increased, •engine torque increased, •emission of HC and soot decreased, •emission of greenhouse gas (CO2) decreased, •emission of NOx increased (beginning of diesel fuel injection was set up by the producer). Pressure histories measured during investigation were the base for computation of parameters which describe combustion process. For calculation were utilised computer programmes worked out in Department of IC Engines and Automobiles of Technical University of Radom. The results showed that there is influence if injected ethyl alcohol on engine operation, particularly it was noticed that the rate of fuel burning and heat release were higher.