W artykule przedstawiono analizę techniczno-ekonomiczną opłacalności zastosowania pomp ciepła do zabezpieczenia potrzeb cieplnych w budynku jednorodzinnym. Dla każdego rozwiązania zaproponowano schemat technologiczny. Przeanalizowano nakłady inwestycyjne i eksploatacyjne poszczególnych wariantów i dokonano oceny ich efektywności ekonomicznej.
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The article presents a technical-economic analysis of the heat pumps using profitability to protect the thermal needs of the single family building. For each solution the technological scheme was proposed. The investment and operational options were considered and their economic efficiency were evaluated.
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Ciepło systemowe bez granic – to fakt. Należąca do Szczecińskiej Energetyki Cieplnej spółka SEC Słubice i niemieckie Stadtwerke Frankfurt (Oder) połączyły swoje systemy ciepłownicze. Od marca 2015 r. wzajemnie sprzedają sobie ciepło i świadczą usługi przesyłowe. To pionierski projekt w skali Polski. Przesył ciepła odbywa się w sposób rewersyjny (tzn. w obie strony). Współpraca potrwa minimum 15 lat, z możliwością jej przedłużenia. Roczny bilans sprzedaży/wymiany ciepła wyniesie 57 tys. GJ. W połączenie systemów strona niemiecka zainwestowała około 2,8 mln euro, a polska 1,4 mln zł.
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System heat without borders – it’s a fact. SEC Słubice, a company owned by Szczecińska Energetyka Cieplna, and German Stadtwerke Frankfurt (Oder) have connected their heating systems. Since March 2015 they have been selling heat and providing transmission services to each other. It is a pioneering project in Poland. The transmission of heat is a reversible process (i.e. it occurs in both directions). The cooperation will be continued for a minimum of 15 years, with the possibility of extending this period. The annual sales/heat exchange balance will reach 57 thousand GJ. The connecting of the systems involved an investment of approx. EUR 2.8 million by the German party and PLN 1.4 million by the Polish party.
Przedmiotem rozważań podjętych w artykule jest analiza i ocena wybranych usług komunikacji zbiorowej na przykładzie gminy Miasta Radomia, przedstawiona na tle istotnych uwarunkowań funkcjonowania i rozwoju miejskiego transportu pasażerskiego. Pierwsza część referatu, mająca charakter rozważań teoretycznych, dotyczy uwarunkowań kształtujących popyt na przewozy zbiorowe, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem istoty i znaczenia postulatów przewozowych. W drugiej zaś, rozważania teoretyczne poparto prezentacją wyników badań ankietowych przeprowadzonych przez Pracownię Badań Rynku Transportowego z udziałem studentów Wydziału Transportu i Elektrotechniki w 2011r., w ramach projektu "Tempo 30, Tempo 70"., dotyczących oceny przez usługobiorców wybranych usług transportowych komunikacji i rozwoju komunikacji zbiorowe w Radomiu.
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The subject of this paper is the analysis and evaluation of selected public transport services in the community of Radom, presented on the background of significant determinants of functioning and development of urban passenger transport. The first part of the paper’ considerations is theoretical, concerns on the conditions which shape the demand for the public transport, with particular emphasis on the nature and importance of the traffic demands. In the secend part, the theoretical considerations supported the compelling presentation of survey results conducted with students of the Faculty of Transport and Electrical Engineering by the Laboratory of Research of the Transport Market in 2011., within the project " the Tempo 30 and Tempo 70"., concerning on the customer rating of the selected communication transport services and development of public transport in Radom.
The penetration depths of hydrides formed in 6.8 kbar of gaseous hydrogen in cylindrical samples was investigated at 25°C in Pd-Ni alloys of 80, 120, 150, 200 and 250 mi mdiameters. The exposition time was about 4 months, thus, sufficient for the stationarity in respect to equilibration of the sample composition. In all alloys the penetration depth was limited, exhibiting a linear increase with radii of the wires applied with the slope of about 0.6 mi m per 1 mi m of the wire radius. These results are interpreted in terms of the coherent character of the hydride formation, supporting the thermodynamic reason for the limited penetration depth of metallic hydrides.
The history of discovery of nickel hydride and studies of its properties is briefly described. Nickel hydride, obtained firstly on electrochemical way, was then synthesized directly from elements under high pressure of gaseous hydrogen. This was the first high pressure synthesis of a metal hydride, which opened a novel and very fruitful field of inorganic synthesis. It was the foundation for discovery of new materials and new phenomena.
Formation and decomposition pressures of hydrides for Ni0.3Pd0.7, Ni0.5Pd0.5, Ni0.7Pd0.3 and Ni0.9Pd0.1 alloys have been determined by following the thermoelectric power of these alloys as function of hydrogen pressure at 298 K. From the desorption pressures the free energies of hydride formation were calculated. These results combined with literature data are discussed in terms of deviation from an ideal behavior. The dominance of nickel is clearly demonstrated, what could be expected from its large hydride formation pressure in comparison with palladium hydride. The term "excess free energy of formation" is introduced and discussed for the alloy system treated.
At three different gaseous hydrogen pressures (7.65; 10.26 and 12.36 kbar) the penetration depth of nickel hydride was determined in stationary conditions at 298 K, increasing from 35.5 _mto 59.5 _mand being a linear function of the ln of hydrogen fugacity.At the above temperature 30 _mis the minimal penetration depth of nickel hydride. Kinetic reasons are supposed to be responsible for the limited penetration depth
Exerting pressure jumps of several kbar in gaseous deuterium in the range of 5-28 kbar, surrounding a palladium deuteride wire, the diffusion coefficients of deuterium in the solid phase were evaluated by following the time course of the electrical resistance. Absorption of deuterium is characterized by a smaller diffusion coefficient than its desorption. Both represent a decreasing function with the inrease of deuterium pressure. The difference of the ab- and desorption kinetics is explained by the influence of the elastic energy on the energetics of the occupation of metallic interstitials by deuterium particles. Comparisons with previous measurements are given.
Supply of an air flow with a continuously changing water activity from dry air (aw = 0) up to saturated vapour (aw = 1) has been applied for acting on powdered water active inorganic compounds placed on the sample panel of a DSC set kept at constant temperature. The absorption of water by the inorganic compounds was monitored by a scanning curve, similar to temperature or pressure induced phase transitions. DSH seems both rapid and inexpensive for monitoring the interaction with water vapour. Comparisons with DSC are discussed and the historical background of DSH is described.