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PL
Przedstawiono autorską koncepcję architektury sekwencjonowania danych pomiarowych o dużej częstości, odbieranych z wielokanałowych układów detekcyjnych w czasie rzeczywistym. Na wstępie omówiono genezę pracy w odniesieniu do rozwoju rozwiązań systemów pomiarowych z równoległym przetwarzaniem danych. Wskazano na najważniejsze korzyści wynikające z zastosowania układu sekwencera. Przeprowadzono dyskusję proponowanej architektury oraz omówiono realizację modelu w języku Matlab w celu doboru parametrów użytkowych implementowanych rozwiązań. Przedstawiono implementację architektury układu sekwencera w systemie diagnostyki gorącej plazmy w tokamaku WEST.
EN
This paper describes developed architecture of the sequencer dedicated for high rate measurement data collected from multiple channels in real time. Introduction presents a brief description and genesis of the project and its achievements in relation to presently existing and used measurements system where parallel data processing is crucial. Authors point out advantages of the developed architecture. Additionally is discussed model of the architecture realized in MATLAB environment in order to select most optimal parameters adjusted to specific processes. Last sections presents implementation of the sequencer architecture in plasma diagnostics measurement system for WEST tokamak.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono opracowane przez Zespół Autorów systemy szeregowania danych przychodzących z wielu źródeł w czasie rzeczywistym. Na wstępie krótko omówiono zasadę działania detektorów GEM wykorzystywanych do rejestracji promieniowania w tokamakach. Przedstawiono ogólnie budowę systemu do realizacji diagnostyki gorącej plazmy, działającego z dużą liczbą kanałów wejściowych. Szczegółowo omówiono system szeregowania danych. Przedstawiono wymagania algorytmu, opracowane koncepcje, napotkane problemy oraz implementacje algorytmów w układach FPGA. Dodatkowo przedstawiono przykładowe wyniki z działania systemu.
EN
This paper presents designed by the Research Team high performance sorting algorithms working in real time, for data coming from many concurrent sources. The introduction is a brief description of the basics of the GEM detectors, used for tokamaks’ radiation registration. In the paper is discussed the general design structure of electronic systems working with high number of input channels. In the article is described fast data processing, with focus on algorithms implemented in FPGA. Description covers in detail aspects of sorting algorithm. The article presents requirements of the algorithm, concepts, problems and implementation in the FPGA. The measurement result of the systems are also briefly discussed.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono opracowany przez Zespół Autorów system zabezpieczeń i diagnostyki dla detektora gazowego GEM. Na wstępie krótko omówiono zagrożenia na jakie narażony jest detektor GEM oraz elektroniczne systemy pomiarowe pracujące w bliskiej odległości od reaktora termojądrowego. Przedstawiono koncepcje modułu do ciągłego monitorowania stanu systemu do diagnostyki gorącej plazm. Pod względem bezpieczeństwa omówiono dwa kluczowe podsystemy: moduł zabezpieczeń i system chłodzenia cieczą. Opisano funkcjonalność systemu, przyjęte rozwiązania sprzętowe oraz implementacją oprogramowania. Na końcu przedstawiono praktyczne wykorzystanie systemu.
EN
This paper presents designed by the Research Team electronic protection and diagnostic system for GEM detectors. The introduction is a brief description of the hazards to which GEM detector and electronic measurement system operating close to fusion reactor are exposed. The concept of an electronic module for continuous monitoring of the state of the system for plasma hot plasma is presented. Two main safety subsystem are described: security module and liquid cooling system. Description cover aspects of system functionality, hardware construction and implemented firmware. Finally, the practical use of the system is presented.
PL
W pracy przeanalizowano uwarunkowania prawne i teoretyczne założenia rekultywacji i zagospodarowania wyrobisk poeksploatacyjnych odkrywkowych. Następnie odniesiono się do możliwości i potrzeb zagospodarowania zespołu wyrobisk po eksploatacji iłów serii poznańskiej złoża Tadeuszów-Rudzienko. Rozważono trzy koncepcje zagospodarowania wyrobisk - w kierunku leśnym, składowania odpadów i wodnym. W pracy uwzględniono nie tylko możliwości, ale także zapotrzebowanie społeczne i gospodarcze rejonu występowania terenów zdegradowanych na skutek eksploatacji surowców mineralnych.
EN
Legal conditionings and theoretical assumptions of reclamation and management of post-mining open-cast workings were analysed in the present paper. Furthermore, possibilities and needs of management of the open-cast complex of workings after extraction of the Poznań Series clays in the Tadeuszów-Rudzienko deposit were discussed. There concepts of management of workings were analysed - forestation, waste deposition and building of a pond. In the paper, not only technical possibilities were taken into consideration, but also social and economic demands of the region, in which there occur areas that are degraded due to extraction of mineral raw materials.
EN
The author analyses principles and standards of culture goods protection during an armed conflict in international and Polish domestic law. The protection of culture goods in international law has a long tradition and constitutes a part of general principles concerning humanitarianism. I the European tradition the principles relating to the protection of culture goods have developed since the ancient times. At the end of the 19th century at the Peace Conference in the Hague the war law standards concerning the protection of culture goods were codified. This codification introduced to treaty law new provisions binding in customary law. The tendency to decrease losses: own, enemy’s, among the civilian population, in civilian buildings and in culture goods, results in fulfilling the principles of war law. These principles were written in the provisions of the Hague Convention in 1907 and 1954. They were further developed in the Geneva Convention in 1949 and its supplementary protocols in 1977 and in the Second Protocol of 1999 to the Hague Convention of 1954. The Convention of 1954 imposed on countries the obligation to implement its provisions in military instructions and regulations. The task of the state is to create respect to Polish and international culture goods within the armed forces.
6
Content available remote Prawno-organizacyjne uwarunkowania działalności Ministra Obrony Narodowej
EN
The author has presented legal basis for national defence minister’s activities in the area of defence and armed forces management. In the introduction the minister’s position in the political system has been identified. Then the minister’s function as a supreme body in the state administration has been described. In the final part of the article the national defence minister has been presented as a coordinator of tasks concerning Poland’s participation in international organisations’ operations. The author has analysed binding laws trying to draw conclusions from them. The opinions presented in the article express the author’s own remarks and conclusions. It is a shortened version of a publication that will be issued by AON in 2002.
7
Content available remote Formalnoprawne podstawy oporu przeciwko agresorowi
EN
The author presented formal legal bases of resistance against an aggressor. The article refers to historical legal bases of armed resistance during the Second World War. The author focused his main effort to present the idea of armed resistance in the light of binding law, particularly the Geneva Convention of 1949 and the Additional Protocol I of 1977. There is no doubt that the right to defence and self-defence is one of the essential principles of modem international relations. These principles result explicitly from international law. There are legal frameworks, however, that touch on the society’s armed organisation in the time of aggression or occupation. The author tries to present these standards in this article. The article refers to the idea of necessary defence as a basic principle, due to some lawyers, to legalise armed resistance during the Second World War. The author presented the idea of necessary defence on the background of Polish legal and historical publications. The author himself, however, does not approve of necessary defence as a principle to legalise armed resistance. According to the author the concept of necessary defence in current war law does not stand justification, for instance because armed resistance has all the legal bases to continue fighting in invasion and occupation conditions. This law is not questionable now. The basis for armed resistance to exist and function is to comply with war law provisions included in mentioned above conventions.
8
Content available remote Prawnomiedzynarodowe aspekty samoobrony
EN
The author presented the notion and function of self-defence institution in international law in historical and contemporary aspects. The article refers to basic international laws on the ban of aggression and war. On this background, the author has attempted to present the right to the individual self-defence of the state in case of military aggression or war. According to the author, this right exists in spite of coalition obligations and it is prior to common self-defence right. It gives complete political-legal bases to build sovereign defence doctrine.
9
Content available remote Problemy prawne funkcjonowania państwa podziemnego
EN
The author has presented legal international aspects of an underground state functioning. The problems under discussion have been developed in historical - legal context, taking into consideration Poland’s rich experiences from the World War II period. The author does not only touch upon a historical aspect. He attempts to outline an underground state structure in case of a possible military conflict and the occupation of the territory. He tries to make these legally and militarily complex problems more clear and understandable to a reader. Passing the resolution by the Polish Parliament to celebrate the Day of Polish Underground State initiates again discussions concerning this Polish 20th century phenomenon. The author encourages to participate in these discussions.
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