The testing of dynamic balance involves tests that assess the muscle control of spatial changes of the position of the centre of gravity over the base of support. The purpose of this work was to determine the structure of the Y-balance test and its accuracy based on the measurements of strength performance of the muscles acting on the knee joint, as well as the flexibility and balance in boys aged 14 years. Methods: The study included 43 schoolboys regularly participating in physical education lessons. The examination of postural stability was conducted with the use of the Y-balance test. The measurements of muscle strength and of resistance to fatigue of the extensors and flexors of knee joints in isometric contraction were performed on a measurement stand in a standard position with the use of tensometric sensors. The measurement of mobility range of the lower extremity joints was performed according to the SFTR. The examination of balance was performed with the use of the modified ‘Flamingo balance test’. Results: The factor structure of the Y-balance test results for the left and right lower extremities is similar and includes five principal independent factors that characterise the structure of analysed variables. They explain 76% and 74% of communality in total for the left and the right extremity, respectively. Conclusions: The extracted factor structure points to a hybrid structure of the Y-balance test and shows its accuracy in the measurements of the lower limb joint mobility and strength performance of knee joint extensors.
The paper concerns the problem of the influence of thermal actions on the structural behavior of sandwich panels with unspecified elastic supports. An ordinary sandwich panel theory is used. The boundary conditions have the arbitrary form of elastic supports. The solution of a statically undetermined system with limitations of horizontal displacement and rotation is derived. The illustrative examples are presented and the problem solution is discussed.
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Sandwich panels made of deep-profiled steel facesheet, thick and soft PUR core and thin aluminum facesheet are considered. The structural behavior of the panel in two arrangements is analyzed by the way of real experiments. Three-point bending tests were carried out. The laboratory tests unraveled non-linear characteristics of structural behavior. The local instability of the compressed faces was observed. The real experiments were compared with the results of numerical simulations.
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The paper concerns the problem of the influence of core compression on core shear modulus determination. Two experimental methods of shear modulus determination are discussed. These methods are based on the estimation of the relation between bending and shear effects. Using the ordinary sandwich panel theory. The appropriate examples of the core compression influence are presented and discussed.
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The paper concerns the problem of static analysis of a deep-profiled sandwich panel. Equilibrium conditions in the form of differential equations are discussed. The solutions to example problems are given taking into account boundary conditions. The effects of transversal load and thermal excitations are presented and discussed.
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The paper concerns a problem of static response of multi-span sandwich panels.The effects of transversal load and thermal actions are compared. The influence of material parameters on the sandwich behaviour is discussed. The examples illustrate practical approach to the problem of optimal design.
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Force distribution in granular media is discussed in this paper. The proper estimation of the force network has become a challenging issue because of a tendency to optimize packing processes. The aim of the study is numerical analysis of regular packings of grains in the frictionless and frictional 2D systems, as well as assessment of force distribution in static granular media and analysis of the influence of the load type and system size on force distribution.
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The energy of elementary grain arrangements in wet granular system is analyzed within the Mean Field Approximation. For an ensemble of vibrating grain it is calculated how the mean free energy of a grain depends on its surface curvature and porosity.
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We study the geometry of patterns formed by forces in 2D models of granular stacking using a genetic algorithm. As a fitness function we employ an entropy measure based on probability density functions of force-chain-arm lengths computed for different underlying lattice geometries.
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The paper concerns the problem of the application of the Discrete Wavelet Transform and the Lipschitz exponent to an estimation of function differentiability. The influence of number of discrete data (measurements points) and a class of function on the discontinuity indicator is analyzed. The problem is discussed on the example of functions which represent a structural response of a mechanical static system.
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The capillary bridge between ellipsoidal grains is modelled within an effective toroidal approximation. We analyse the case when major semi axes of grains are parallel.
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The capillary bridge between ellipsoidal grains is modelled within a toroidal approximation and the cohesive energy as function of grain's size, wetting angle and liquid content is computed. Some substrate-liquid examples are considered.
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We apply the genetic algorithms - search procedures, to study the relaxation process in two-dimensional wet granular medium of non-spherical grains. We examine the equilibration of granulates under so-called tap dynamics and examine the dependence of relaxation times on system topology and on boundary conditions. Numerical computation are performed in the framework of genetic algorithm for sizes up to N = 2002 sites.
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Rozpatrywany jest model sieciowy niejednorodnego układu granularnego składającego się z dwóch rodzajów cząstek. Układ jest strukturalnie niejednorodny z możliwością występowania geometrycznej frustracji. Numerycznie analizowane są konfiguracje odpowiadające stanowi upakowania gęstego w obecności frustracji.
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