The article presents the results of industrial research, of mixer and injection gas supply systems of internal combustion engines, for fuel gas time-varying chemical composition. The publication presents an innovative injection system working by patent PL 222462, and obtained operating characteristics of power generators with the implemented system. In addition for comparison, the article presents the results of research a generator set with implemented an innovative system of the mixing gas fuel supply, with variable chemical composition.
Huge amount of by-products is still considered as waste and is simply disposed, for example by-product gas is usually flared. Political and social pressure to reduce air pollution and national needs for energy security make these waste fuels interesting for near-future power generation. Unfortunately most of these waste fuels, even when liquefied or gasified, have very low quality and can hardly be used in high-efficiency power systems. Among main challenges are low calorific value and composition fluctuation. Additionally very often there is a high content of sulphur, siloxanes, tars, etc., which have to be removed from the fuel. Modern 4-stroke gas engines designed for power generation applications provide very high efficiency, high reliability and availability. Unfortunately, these gas engines require high quality fuel with stable composition. Horus-Energia together with Cracow University of Technology developed a novel gas supply system HE-MUZG that can adapt to current gas quality and change engine settings accordingly.This article will present results from the HE-MUZG system tests on modern 4-stroke spark-ignition gas engine. Tests focus on low quality gas, such as gas with low calorific value, gas with very low methane number and gas with very big variations of calorific value. Test results compared with performance of that engine in the original configuration show huge improvements. Moreover the HE- MUZG system is easy to implement in commercial gensets.
The current trends in regulations changes focus more and more on emissions reduction. Earlier environment protection mechanisms covering emissions limits of particulates, nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides and carbon monoxide were recently extended also to cover carbon dioxide emissions. One way to reduce carbon dioxide emission is the improvement of the efficiency of a powertrain system or main driver efficiency. This paper explains main limitations for efficiency improvement when conventional methods are used. The effective heat energy recovery system principles and its technical specification are described including its control principles. System was initially tested in the engine laboratory and experience from the laboratory tests is included in the paper. After successful and promising laboratory tests the solution was transferred to commercial operation which covered already period of more than 2 years. Statistics and operational data from commercial operation is shown with relevant examples of various operational modes. At the end of the paper simple feasibility study is shown. Alternative applications with basic evaluation of their feasibility and efficiency improvement potential are included in this paper as well.
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High-birefringence nematic liquid crystals recently developed in the Military University of Technology (Poland) are examined for selected physical properties. In particular, for six liquid crystal mixtures there were determined: two components of dielectric permittivity for voltage frequencies in the range from 10 Hz to 10 MHz; rotational viscosity; splay, twist and bend elastic constants; ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices for light wavelengths in the range from 0.3 ?m to 1.6 ?m. The properties are discussed in terms of applicability of the new liquid crystals to electro-optical devices.
In 2010 Wärtsilä introduced brand new four-stroke spark-ignited lean-burn gas engine to its portfolio. The new engine generates close to 19MW of power with efficiency about 46%. The product follows market needs and expectations for decentralised power generation combined with reliable and flexible operation. In this paper technical specification of the Wärtsilä 180V50SG will be presented. The description will include development background as well as the engine operation performance, emission levels and fuel requirements. The main components of the engine and applied technology will be also described. Finally, some typical applications of the Wärtsilä 18V50SG will be shown including the newest power plant concept for high-efficiency decentralised power generation. The most significant operational features of the engine will be also covered in this paper.
PL
W 2010 roku Wärtsilä wprowadziła do oferty nowy czterosuwowy silnik gazowy o zapłonie iskrowym spalający mieszanki ubogie. Nowy silnik ma moc nominalna prawie 19MW i charakteryzuje się sprawnością 46%. Ten nowy produkt jest odpowiedzią na zapotrzebowanie rynku silników gazowych oraz rosnących oczekiwań branży zdecentralizowanej energetyki charakteryzującej się wysoka pewnością działania oraz elastycznością pracy obiektów. Artykuł zaprezentuje dane techniczne silnika Wärtsilä 18V50SG. Opis będzie również zawierał tło całego procesu rozwoju nowego silnika oraz parametry operacyjne silnika takie jak osiągi, emisje oraz wymogi odnośnie paliwa gazowego, którym silnik może być zasilany. Dodatkowo najważniejsze komponenty silnika oraz zastosowana technologia zostaną uwzględnione w artykule. Ponadto artykuł przedstawi tez typowe zastosowania silnika Wärtsilä 18V50SG obejmując również najnowsza elektrownie koncepcyjna dla zdecentralizowanej wysokosprawnej energetyki. Ta część obejmuje również główne aspekty pracy tego silnika.
A power generation industry is evolving very fast nowadays. A lot of modern technologies have become available recently for a product development process. Also new types of fuels have appeared on the market. All these factors have caused significant changes in a power generation approach. New products enabling more environment-friendly technologies have been introduced by many key-players on the market. This paper describes briefly needs and directions of gas engines development in modern power generation industry. It also presents shortly history of Wartsila gas engines together with present gas engine portfolio covering products like: spark ignited gas engine, conventional dual-fuel one and a dual-fuel engine equipped with high-pressure direct gas injection system. The paper focuses on the most important aspects of the recent Wartsila gas engines development process explaining also achieved benefits. It covers main features and new fuels introduced during development of specific engine which are key factors for customers willing to use the most modern technology in this field.
PL
Przemyśl energetyczny zmienia się obecnie w szybkim tempie. Coraz więcej nowoczesnych technologii staje się powszechnie dostępnych wpływając na kierunki rozwoju. Również coraz więcej nowych paliw pojawia się w obrocie. Te wszystkie czynniki spowodowały wiele zmian w podejściu sektora energetycznego. Nowe, przyjazne dla środowiska technologie zostają wdrażane przez wielu kluczowych producentów urządzeń energetycznych. Niniejszy artykuł omawia w skrócie potrzeby oraz kierunki rozwoju silników gazowych dla nowoczesnej energetyki. Przedstawia również historię rozwoju silników gazowych firmy Wartsila połączoną z krótkim omówieniem bieżącej palety produktów takich jak: silniki o zapłonie iskrowym, konwencjonalne silniki dwupaliwowe oraz silniki dwupaliwowe wyposażone w wysokociśnieniowy bezpośredni wtrysk gazu. Artykuł skupia się na najważniejszych aspektach procesu rozwoju silników gazowych Wartsila w ostatnich latach wyjaśniając również najważniejsze korzyści osiągnięte dzięki wdrożonym rozwiązaniom. Omówione są też najważniejsze nowe funkcje oraz nowe paliwa wprowadzone dla poszczególnych silników, które są kluczowymi czynnikami dla klientów skupiających się na najnowocześniejszych rozwiązaniach w tej gałęzi przemysłu.
Stricter environmental legislations make necessary or even profitable the utilization of gases that are by-products from different production processes and which have been wasted so far. To design the most suitable utilization technology for these gases a detailed knowledge of their properties is required. The parameters of vapour-liquid phase change are crucial for fuel handling. The physical and chemical properties of most commonly used gases are well known but the broad variety of gases produced during different industrial processes has not been investigated yet. The simple, fast and precise method of determination of their condensation curve is very useful. The determination of condensation curve for a gas composed mainly of hydrogen and propane has been described. The measurement method and testing equipment is universal and can be used for various compositions of gases and is also very suitable for gases containing a significant amount of hydrogen.
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The Wärtsilä 34DF engine is a stationary turbocharged “Dual-Fuel” engine which can operate on gas and oil fuel. The ported low-pressure gas injection is applied in this engine and the ignition of gas-air mixture is forced by pilot oil injection. The engine can also run on oil fuel only if necessary. This feature provides very wide fuel flexibility and operation reliability. The engine development and the most important components of the Wärtsilä 34DF engine are presented. The working principles, operation modes and the procedure of switching between fuels are explained. The Wärtsilä 34DF engine performance and emission levels are described in the paper as well. The paper includes also specification for gas and oil fuels that can be used for the engine operation. The paper is concluded with some typical application and the experience from running the engines in challenging conditions.
PL
Silnik Wärtsilä 34DF jest stacjonarnym turbodoładowanym silnikiem dwu-paliwowym, który może spalać paliwa gazowe oraz olejowe. Silnik jest wyposażony w niskociśnieniowy kolektorowy wtrysk gazu, a zapłon mieszanki gazowo-powietrznej jest wymuszony wtryskiem pilotującej dawki paliwa olejowego. Silnik może być zasilany tylko paliwem olejowym, jeśli zachodzi taka konieczność. To rozwiązanie stwarza bardzo szerokie możliwości co do stosowania wszelkiego rodzaju paliw zapewniając dużą pewność działania silnika. Prace rozwojowe oraz główne podzespoły silnika Wärtsilä 34DF zostały zaprezentowane w tym artykule. Również zasada działania, podstawowe tryby pracy oraz procedury przełączania miedzy różnymi paliwami zostały omówione. Ponadto przedstawione są osiągi silnika oraz poziom emisji zanieczyszczeń. Artykuł zawiera również charakterystykę paliw gazowych oraz olejowych dopuszczonych do stosowania w tym silniku. W podsumowaniu artykułu są przedstawione przykładowe zastosowania silnika oraz doświadczenie z pracy silników w trudnych i wymagających warunkach.
The Wärtsilä 32GD engine is a stationary turbocharged "Gas-Diesel" engine which can operate on gas and oil fuel.The direct high-pressure gas injection is applied in this engine. The sophisticated control system of the engine allows operation on gas and oil fuel with very wide range of gas/oil fuel ratio which provides a unique flexibility of fuel usage.The Wärtsilä 32GD technology offers possibility to use good quality gas or heavier gases i.e. with high content of heavier hydrocarbons. The Wärtsilä 32GD engine development and the most important components of the Wärtsilä 32GD engine are presented. The working principles, operation mode, the engine performance and emission levels are described in the paper as well. The paper includes also specification for gas and oil fuels that can be used for the engine operation. The paper is concluded with some typical applications, reference installation and experience from running the engines on challenging fuels.
PL
Silnik Wärtsilä 32GD jest stacjonarnym turbodoładowanym gazowym silnikiem Diesla. W tym silniku zastosowano bezpośredni wysokociśnieniowy wtrysk gazu. Zaawansowany układ kontroli silnika pozwala na stosowanie jednocześnie paliwa gazowego i olejowego w bardzo szerokim zakresie zmian proporcji miedzy tymi paliwami, co pozwala na niespotykaną swobodę doboru stosowanych paliw. Technologia silnika Wärtsilä 32GD pozwala na stosowanie zarówno lekkich gazów, takich jak gaz ziemny, jak i gazów z dużą zawartością ciężkich węglowodorów. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono zasadę działania, możliwe tryby pracy, osiągi silnika oraz poziom emisji zanieczyszczeń. Artykuł zawiera również specyfikacje możliwych do zastosowania paliw gazowych i olejowych. W podsumowaniu przedstawiono typowe zastosowania silnika Wärtsilä 32GD oraz doświadczenia z pracy silników z zastosowaniem wymagających paliw.
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Image analysis using polarizing methods allows removing the polarized light component from recorded images. This is known as polarization difference imaging (PDI). The use of liquid crystals (LC) in PDI was proposed in 2002. Modified LC unit with a properly oriented LC layer was proposed by the authors. The main parameters which characterize an imaging system, employing a circular LC filter, were determined and presented in previous papers. In this work, the basics of the circular LC filter construction and theory are presented. Two application configurations of PDI imaging systems are shown. Experimental results of image processing based on object's polarization properties are discussed.
Metody analizy stopnia polaryzacji we współczesnych systemach obrazowania z cyfrowym przetwarzaniem obrazu zdobywają coraz większą popularność. W klasycznym ujęciu systemy przetwarzania i analizy obrazu bazują na informacji zakodowanej w zmianach intensywności. Podejście to nie pozwala jednak na detekcję elementów sceny (lub obiektów) różniących się tylko stopniem polaryzacji. W celu usprawnienia systemów wizyjnych dla tego typu sceny stosowane są metody analizy polaryzacji, znane jako metody PDI (Polarization Difference Imaging). W proponowanym rozwiązaniu zastosowano w układzie akwizycji specjalizowany filtr LC. Filtr LC z cyrkularno-planarną strukturą posiada transmitancję reprezentowaną przy pomocy zbioru funkcji ortogonalnych. W artykule przedstawiono zintegrowaną metodę przetwarzania i analizy obrazów spolaryzowanych w celu wydobycia informacji polaryzacyjnej.
EN
Methods of polarization analysis in imaging systems are quite new approach. Standard image processing and analysis systems are based on intensity information. Common systems do not allow to detect details of the scene (or objects) which can have quite identical luminance level and differ only with the polarization stage. To improve visual systems methods of polarization analysis are used, known as a class of Polarization Difference Imaging (PDI). The use of liquid crystals (LC) in PDI was proposed in 2002. In this work specific LC filter and setup for image acquisition and analysis are used. LC filter with circular-planar LC alignment can be characterized by transmission properties represented as a orthogonal set of functions. This paper presents setup and a integrated method to estimate the polarization and photometric information of a single view images differ in phase. A chain of digital image processing methods is implemented.
W pracy przedstawiono nowatorski element polaryzacyjny, jakim jest spektralno-polaryzacyjny filtr ciekłokrystaliczny. Zaprezentowano i omówiono budowę systemu obrazowania z wykorzystaniem tego elementu. Zaproponowano metodę numerycznej analizy obrazów spolaryzowanych do detekcji obiektów posiadających cechy polaryzacyjne. Zaprezentowano także przykładowe wyniki eksperymentalne.
EN
New polarization component based on liquid crystal technology is presented (LC filter). The use of LC filter in digital imaging system is shown. Method of numerical analysis of polarized images to detect polarazing objects is proposed. Finally some experimental results are shown.
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The very first Wartsila gas engine (the Wärtsilä Vasa 32GD) was introduced in 1987. It was a gas-diesel engine with direct high-pressure gas and diesel fuel injection. The first spark-ignited gas engine concept was initiated in 1992 and the first engine was released in 1993. The Wartsila Vasa 32-based Wartsila Vasa 34SG spark-ignited gas engine family appeared on market in 1995. One year later Wartsila Vasa 32DF dual-fuel engine was released. The newest 34SG engine basing on a new frame of Wartsila 32 heavy fuel oil diesel engine was presented in 1999. The Wartsila 34SG is four-stroke spark-ignited lean-burn turbo-charged engine with ported gas admission and pre-chamber ignition system. Engine design combines well proven gas engine technology with recent developments in diesel engines. The Wartsila 20V34SG medium speed engine in 20-cylinder V-configuration with mean effective pressure at the level of 20 bar gives a total mechanical output power up to 9000 kW accompanied with 44.3% electrical efficiency. The engine can operate with full power at high altitude and hot and dry ambient conditions. All its components were designed to provide reliability, good performance, high efficiency, long maintenance-free intervals and long lifetime of engine. A modular ergonomically designed system enables easier maintenance access and shorter service time. The Wartsila 20V34SG is dedicated to Wartsila gas power plants designed for optimum performance. Gas power plants are based on engines operating on dual-fuel (gas/diesel) or natural gas. The typical power range is 4 to 150 MW and gas power plants can also provide combined heat and power option. The Wartsila gas power plants can operate continuously or as peak load electricity generation unit and can operate in parallel to the grid or in island mode. Power plants are a power source for industry, for local utilities or for public electricity. This paper will present technical specification of the Wartsila 20V34SG. The main technical data of engine components and technology will be described. Finally, some typical applications of the Wärtsilä 20V34SG will be shown. The newest power plant concept, an one-engine based compact power plant "GasCube", will be also presented in this paper.
Liquid crystal devices as a medium for holograms storage have been investigated. Long term memory effects in LC cells have been observed. Experiments proved that certain combination of insulating alignment layers has a major influence on the long term memory effect. Optimal liquid crystal cell construction allows us to achieve sufficient diffraction efficiency to record holographic patterns and to develop a re-writable holographic medium. The configuration of PVK and polyimide layers in LC cell construction with specific LC mixture was tested. The method of permanent and re-writable recording of optical data (holographic pattern) onto LC cells was achieved. However, the method of erasing recorded data was realized but mechanisms of this phenomenon are not clearly understood yet.
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The emission of NOx, SOx, HC and CO2 from internal combustion engines is still a major issue in the development of modern engines. Especially for new concepts, like EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation), developed, detailed information about the pollutant formation is required. However, the experiments of actual standard engines are generally very complicated processes including the residual gas from the last cycle and the flow in an engine cylinder. Thus, experimental data measured using actual engines become unreliable. To obtain the essential data on combustion of hydrocarbon-CO2-N2-O2 mixtures, the experiments have been performed under conditions of high temperature and pressure, which are achieved by a spark ignited opposed rapid compression machine. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The maximum burning pressure decreases with decreasing oxygen concentration at same EGR ratio. (2) The total burning time decreases with decreasing the concentration of O2 in methane-COx-N2-O2 and propane-CO2-N2-O2 mixtures. (3) The reduction ratio of flame speed is relatively larger on the fuel rich side than that on the lean side. Numerical modeling was focused on the influence of EGR ratio on exhaust emission. Methane fuel was used in the modeling
A numerical study of the spark ignition engine with direct methane injection to combustion chamber presented. Poor penetration of gaseous fuel jet and poor mixing with air in the engine cylinder together with very short time available for mixing create serious difficulties in choosing proper injection parameters and arranging the combustion chamber geometry. The results of preliminary analysis showed that mixing process methane with air is very complex. Direction of injection has a strong influence on mixing process and thanks this a larger amount of fuel can be involved in mixing process. When fuel jet breaks up at the surface combustion chamber wall gaseous fuel penetrates longer distance but mixing is not so efficient and layers with, well-stirred mixture are surrounded with non-flammable mixture. Some amount of hydrogen added to methane can improve mixing and extends flammability limits so the zone of flammable mixture created in combustion chamber is much wider. The two-dimensional numerical simulations of gaseous fuel direct injection system were performed with the use of KIVA-3V computer code. The results of calculations allow for analysis of this system including spray structure, mixing process and flammable mixture zone position. Together with the related engine, simulation this study create the base for the further numerical investigation of the engine combustion system with methane direct injection, which will be performed together with experimental research.
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