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1

Characterization of natural gas by Raman spectroscopy and its application for in-situ measurements

Dąbrowski K., Kuczyński S., Włodek T., Smulski R., Barbacki J.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

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2018

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Vol. 35, no. 1

125--138

EN

Gaseous hydrocarbons and nitrogen mixtures are characterized with an own designed portable Raman system equipped with a high pressure autoclave and fiber-optic probe. Backscattered radiation is collected through a sapphire window with a probe and transferred to the spectrometer. Samples are measured for a set of pressures in the range of 1–150 bar in ambient temperature. Measurement conditions are set to maintain an one-phase system. Spectra are collected in a wide range of wavenumber 350–3500 cm–1. Initial composition of measured samples is measured be means of gas chromatography. Design computer algorithms automatically detects and characterizes Raman bands for given species and their peak areas. The influence of both pressure and concentration of a given element on given band position and area are demonstrated.

2

Application of Raman spectroscopy analysis in unconventional natural gas reservoirs – density and pressure dependence on Raman signal intensity

Kuczyński S., Włodek T., Smulski R., Dąbrowski K., Krakowiak M., Barbacki J., Pawłowski M.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

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2017

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Vol. 34, no. 3

761--774

EN

This paper contains information about Raman spectroscopy, describing its possible application in the oil and gas industry. This method allows the performance of a series of repetitive measurements to determine the composition of samples and its changes with high accuracy. In the article, the data presented in the literature connected with Raman spectroscopy and the oil and gas industry is analyzed. This paper considered measurements of a natural gas composition in simulated in-situ conditions performed using Raman spectroscopy. The current research project is trying to develop a mobile apparatus which would use Raman spectroscopy for defining reservoir fluid compounds in high pressure and high temperature conditions. The preliminary measurements were carried out in the simulated in-situ in variant pressure conditions.

3

Technological and safety aspects of CNG home fast refueling units

Kuczyński S., Liszka K., Łaciak M., Oliinyk A., Strods R., Szurlej A.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

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2016

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Vol. 33, no. 2

425--432

EN

Despite all global economic shifts and the fact that natural gas is recognized worldwide as the main and the leading alternative to oil products in transportation sector, there is a huge barrier to switch passenger vehicle segment to natural gas – the lack of refueling infrastructure for natural gas vehicles. The key to solving that problem and providing barrier breaking refueling infrastructure solution for natural gas vehicles (NGV) is home fast refueling units. It operates using natural gas (methane), which is being provided through gas pipelines at client’s home, and electricity connection point. It enables an environmentally friendly NGV’s home refueling just in minutes. The underlying technology is one stage hydraulic compressor (instead of multistage mechanical compressor technology) which provides the possibility to compress low pressure gas from residential gas grid to 200 bar for its further usage as a fuel for NGVs. More than efficiency and convenience, the direct hydraulic compressor technology provides compelling cost and lifetime advantages as well as superior convenience over other solutions. Aims of this article is to compare technical, technological and safety aspects of home refueling units and estimate a perspectives of natural gas vehicles as an alternative for regular vehicles.

4

Compressed air energy storage as backup generation capacity combined with wind energy sector in Poland - implementation possibilities

Kuczyński S., Skokowski D., Włodek T., Polański K.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

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2015

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Vol. 32, no. 1

23--32

EN

Wind energy sector has been developing at a fast pace in many countries around the world in recent years. However, there is an issue with the unpredictability of electricity production provided by wind turbines that is caused by variability of weather. Therefore, there is need to compensate the intermittency of wind energy by means of backup power generation facilities. One of the solutions is compressed air energy storage technology (CAES). The paper discusses the CAES technology characteristics as well as economic aspects of CAES plant construction and operation. The latest achievements and developments in the field of CAES technology is presented. The paper inspects the existing CAES facilities and discusses the possibilities of implementing this technology in Poland.

5

Technical and economic issues of offshore pipeline carbon dioxide transportation

Włodek T., Kuczyński S., Hendel J.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

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2014

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Vol. 31, no. 2

341--354

EN

The technical and economic conditions of carbon dioxide offshore pipeline transportation are presented in this paper. The basie conditions in which carbon dioxide will be transported, as well as the thermodynamic conditions, physicochemical properties and technical parameters, relevant to CO2 pipeline transport, are addressed in this article. The basie costs of pipeline carbon dioxide transport are also considered. The carbon dioxide flow was simulated for a few pipeline diameter sizes to determine the operating pressure of the pipeline for various maximum mass flow rate values. Different conditions of CO2 flow including impact of ambient conditions were analyzed. There is also included an analysis of technological systems and installation concepts for carbon dioxide preparation for efficient pipeline transportation.

6

An overview of coal bed methane potential in Polish coal basins

Cieślak K., Hendel J., Kuczyński S.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

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2013

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Vol. 30, no. 4

433--441

EN

Coal bed methane (CBM) may become an important source of energy in Upper Silesian Coal Basin. Coal bed methane in Poland occurs within three coal basins of which the best recognized and most promising is the Upper Silesian Coal Basin. Approximately 80.1% of proved balance of coal deposits resources in Poland occurs in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, where 50 fields are operated by 28 mines. Thus, since early 90s of the 20th century the USCB is attractive for foreign companies which perform evaluation of coal bed methane obtaining possibility as main fossil. However, all previous attempts to commercial production of CBM did not bring expected results, but they constitute extensive information database for current and future research towards CBM exploitation. Prognostic resources of coal bed methane in USCB are estimated to 107 bln m3. Recoverable balance resources are estimated to 87.6 bln m3. Much smaller perspectives are related to the poorly identified regions of Lublin Coal Basin and Lower Silesian Coal Basin. It is estimated that balance resources of hard coal in LCB, represents approximately 19.2% of Polish hard coal balance resources.

7

Dynamic research of foot pressure distribution : the four-points shoe insert with PVDF sensors

Klimiec E., Zaraska W., Kuczyński S.

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

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2012

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Vol. 53, nr 1

25-27

EN

The man's movement possibilities depend on foot deformation. It can be estimated by foot pressure distribution investigations. Healthy foot is arched on internal side, what acts like shock absorber, softening jolts caused by walking. Largest values of pressure appear on heel and metatarsus. Insignificant values appears on medial arch, and its growth shows the foot extent deformation eg. flatfoot. Article presents measurement method of foot pressure on the ground by four-points shoe insole, developed by authors, which carl be placed in any sport footwear. The value of pressure was measured on heel, medial arch, metatarsus and hallux by recording values of generated voltage on sensors which were made of piezoelectric polymer PVDF thin film. Load resistance of measuring setup was 1014 Ω. Under the influence of mechanical strain, the sensor, which is made from piezoelectric polymer film with electrodes, acts like a self-charging capacitor. To conduct correct measurements, it is important to use restart circuit. Restart circuit ensures recovery to starting point after execution of each step, what prevents charge accumulation in capacitor and measurement results distortion.

PL

Możliwości ruchowe człowieka, w dużej mierze, zależą od stanu jego stopy. Ocenić go można, badając rozkład sil nacisku stopy na podłoże. Prawidłowo zbudowana stopa jest wysklepiona po wewnętrznej stronie, co działa jak amortyzator, łagodząc wstrząsy spowodowane chodzeniem. Największe wartości nacisku występują na pięcie i śródstopiu a nieznaczne na wklęśniętej części stopy, jego wzrost, świadczy o stopniu zdeformowania stopy np. przy płaskostopiu. W artykule omówiono sposób jego pomiaru przy pomocy opracowanej przez autorów czteropunktowej wkładki do obuwia, którą umieścić można w dowolnym obuwiu sportowym. Wielkość nacisku mierzono na pięcie, wklęśniętej części stopy, śródstopiu i dużym palcu, rejestrując napięcia wytworzone na czujnikach z piezoelektrycznej folii polimerowej z PVDF. Rezystancja obciążenia układu pomiarowego wynosiła 1014 Ω. Ponieważ czujnik pomiarowy z piezoelektrycznej folii polimerowej z elektrodami jest samoładującym się kondensatorem pod wpływem odkształceń mechanicznych a także wykazuje właściwości piroelektryczne, bardzo ważną rolę w prawidłowym przeprowadzeniu pomiarów, odgrywa układ zerujący. Zapewnia on powrót układu pomiarowego do punktu wyjścia po wykonaniu każdego kroku, zapobiegając zniekształceniu wyników pomiarowych.

8

Wpływ kierunku mechanicznego odkształcenia folii PVDF na wartość sygnału elektrycznego

Klimiec E., Zaraska W., Kuczyński S.

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

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2011

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Vol. 52, nr 10

72-75

PL

Badania wpłwu kierunku naprężenia działającego na próbkę, na wartość sygnału piezoelektrycznego, prowadzono na foliach z polifluorku winylidenu PVDF o grubości 28, 52 i 110 µm w trzech kierunkach: 33, 31, i 32. Ponieważ badania piezoelektrycznych folii nie są znormalizowane, prowadzono je na stanowisku pomiarowym, w skład którego wchodziły siłowniki własnej konstrukcji. Wartości napięcia piezoelektrycznego przy naprężeniach ściskających wynosiły do 3 V dla próbek o powierzchni 10 cm² przy naprężeniu 12 N/cm² Przy naprężeniach rozciągających w kierunku 31 wartości napięć dochodziły do 250 V z powierzchni 7 cm². Przy naprężeniach rozciągających w kierunku 32 wartości napięć były 6 razy mniejsze niż dla kierunku 31. Badania wykazały, że otrzymana wartość piezoelektrycznego napięcia przy rozciąganiu jest kilkadziesiąt razy większa, niż przy ściskaniu, dla próbek o zbliżonych wielkościach powierzchni elektrod. Wartość piezoelektrycznego sygnału była większa, dla folii o większej grubości.

EN

This paper presents investigation of acting stress direction to the piezoelectric signal value of the polyvinylidene fluoride PVDF film sample with 28, 52 and 110 µm thickness in three directions: 33, 31 and 32. Because the investigations of piezoelectric films are not standardize, investigations were conducted on measuring positions in composition with own construction actuators. For stress in 33 direction, piezoelectric voltage value was up to 3V for samples with 10 cm² surface and acting stress 12 N/cm². For tension stress in 31 direction, piezoelectric voltage value was up to 250 V for samples with 7 cm². For tension stress in 32 direction, piezoelectric voltage value was 6 times smaller than voltge value in 31 direction. Investigations showed that the obtained values of piezoelectric voltage for streatched film is a few dozen times bigger than for compression for samples with similar electrodes surface. The value of piezoelectric signal was bigger for thicker film samples.