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EN
Results of the ab initio molecular dynamics calculations of silicon crystals are presented by means of analysis of the velocity autocorrelation function and determination of mean phonon relaxation time. The mean phonon relaxation time is crucial for prediction of the phonon-associated coefficient of thermal conductivity of materials. A clear correlation between the velocity autocorrelation function relaxation time and the coefficient of thermal diffusivity has been found. The analysis of the results obtained has indicated a decrease of the velocity autocorrelation function relaxation time t with increase of temperature. The method proposed may be used to estimate the coefficient of ther-mal diffusivity and thermal conductivity of the materials based on silicon and of other wide-bandgap semiconductors. The correlation between kinetic energy fluctuations and relaxation time of the velocity autocorrelation function has been calculated with the relatively high coefficient of determination R2 = 0.9396. The correlation obtained and the corresponding approach substantiate the use of kinetic energy fluctuations for the calculation of values related to heat conductivity in silicon-based semiconductors (coefficients of thermal conductivity and diffusivity).
2
Content available remote Photoacoustic spectroscopy analysis of thin semiconductor samples
EN
This paper is an analysis of determination possibility of the optical absorption coefficient spectra of thin semiconductor layers from their normalized photoacoustic amplitude spectra. Influence of multiple reflections of light in thin layers on their photoacoustic and optical absorption coefficient spectra is presented and discussed in detail. Practical formulae for the optical absorption coefficient spectrum as a function of the normalized photoacoustic amplitude spectrum are derived and presented. Next, they were applied for computations of the optical absorption coefficient spectra of thin In₂S₃ thin layers deposited on a glass substrate. This method was experimentally verified with the optical transmission method.
PL
W artykule przedstawione zostały zagadnienia dotyczące możliwości wykorzystania nieniszczącej techniki radiometrii w podczerwieni PTR (PhotoThermal Radiometry) do wizualizacji obszarów implantowanych w krzemie. Przedstawiony został szczegółowy opis zrealizowanego stanowiska eksperymentalnego. Zaprezentowano przykładowe wyniki badań, w formie mapy, rozkładu oraz przekroju amplitudy i fazy sygnału PTR, uzyskanych dla zbadanej implantowanej próbki krzemowej.
EN
This paper presents issues connected with possibilities of the usage of the nondestructive infrared photothermal radiometry technique PTR (PhotoThermal Radiometry) for visualization of the implanted areas in silicon. Detailed description of the realized experimental set-up has been presented. Example results in the form of the maps and profiles of the amplitude and phase of the PTR signal obtained for the investigated sample have been presented.
EN
This paper presents experimental and theoretical dependences of the lifetime of minority carriers in n-type silicon on the intensity of its illumination. The experimental characteristics have been interpreted theoretically in the frame of Shockley Read Hall (SRH) statistics. The lifetimes of minority carriers for a low intensity of illumination were measured with the Surface Photovoltage (SPV) method while for the high intensity a Modulated Free Carrier Absorption (MFCA) method was applied. The obtained results clearly show that the experimentally obtained lifetimes of carriers can be compared only for the same conditions of illumination of the sample.
PL
Praca przedstawia doświadczalne i teoretyczne zależności czasu życia nośników mniejszościowych w krzemie typu n od natężenia światła. Charakterystyki doświadczalne zostały zinterpretowane teoretycznie w modelu Shockley Read Hall (SRH). Czasy życia nośników dla małych natężeń światła oświetlajacch próbkębyły mierzone metodą SPV podczas gdy dla dużych natężeń światła wykorzystano metodę Modulacji Absorpcji Światła na Swobodnych Nośnikach (MFCA). Uzyskane rezutaty jasno pokazują, że czasy życia uzyskane eksperymentalnie mogą być porównywane tylko dla tych samych warunków oświetlanie próbek.
EN
Results of the ab initio molecular dynamics for pure silicon and phosphorus doped silicon crystals have been presented. The relation between the phonon lifetime and the root mean square deviation  of atoms based on the condition of the interferometric minimum has been proposed. The relation approximates adequately the temperature dependence of the heat conductivity of pure silicon. However, that relation has not reproduced properly the reference experimental magnitude of the phonon conductivity coefficient of silicon for the phosphorus content nP = 51020 cm-3. This result indicates that the additional kind of the phonon scattering on the local phosphorus stimulated defects should be taken into consideration.
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki obliczeń z pierwszych zasad dynamiki molekularnej niedomieszkowanych i domieszkowanych fosforem kryształów krzemu i zaproponowano wzór relacji między czasem życia fononów i odchyleniem standardowym atomów , bazujący na interferencyjnym warunku minimum fal fononowych. Zaproponowany wzór adekwatnie opisuje temperaturową zależność współczynnika przewodnictwa cieplnego niedomieszkowanego krzemu. Jednak zaproponowany wzór nie odtwarza zadowalająco referencyjnej doświadczalnej wartości przewodności cieplnej krzemu dla koncentracji fosforu nP = 51020 cm-3. Ten wynik wskazuje na to, że dla adekwatnego odtwarzania wartości doświadczalnych należy uwzględnić dodatkowy kanał rozpraszania fononów, związany z lokalnymi około fosforowymi defektami.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań materiałów optoelektronicznych z wykorzystaniem fototermicznej radiometrii w podczerwieni (PTR). Opisane zostały szczegóły dotyczące wykorzystanej techniki badawczej. Badania przeprowadzono na próbkach krzemu i krzemu – germanu. Omówiono szczegóły techniczne dotyczące wymagań sprzętowych na potrzeby stanowiska badawczego. W pracy przedyskutowano możliwości interpretacyjne płynące z zastosowania opisanej metody badawczej oraz opisanych modeli matematycznych sygnału PTR.
EN
In this paper the experimental results of the photothermal radiometry (PTR) investigations of the optoelectronic materials have been presented. The details concerning the used technique have been described. Investigations have been performed on the silicon and silicongermanium samples. Details of the experimental set-up have been discussed. In this work the interpretation abilities connected with the usage of the described experimental method and the described PTR signal mathematical models have been discussed.
EN
The paper presents experimental results of the lifetime of light induced excess carriers in the n-type silicon. The lifetimes of carriers of silicon crystals were analysed as a function of the intensity of light illuminating the sample. As a measurement method of the lifetime of carriers, the photoacoustic method in a transmission configuration with different surfaces was used. The dependence character was next analysed in the frame of the Shockley Reed Hall statistics in approximation of the light low intensity.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano tematykę bezkontaktowego mapowania czasów życia nośników w materiałach półprzewodnikowych z wykorzystaniem techniki modulacji absorpcji na swobodnych nośnikach. Opisano szczegóły techniczne dotyczące realizacji stanowiska badawczego oraz wykorzystanej metody detekcji sygnału. Przedstawiono i przedyskutowano przykładowe mapy czasów życia nośników w krzemie monokrystalicznym. W pracy omówiono również sposób wyznaczania koncentracji pułapek odpowiedzialnych za skrócenie czasu życia nośników.
EN
In the paper the issue of a noncontact mapping of the lifetimes of carriers in semiconductor materials with the MFCA method is presented. The technical details of the construction of the experimental set-up and the applied method of detection are described. Example maps of the lifetime spatial distributions in the silicon samples are shown and discussed. In the paper the way of computation of the spatial distribution of the traps responsible for the shortening of the lifetime of carriers is also presented.
EN
Minority recombination lifetimes of n-type CdMgSe mixed crystals were estimated by using infrared photothermal radiometry (PTR) amplitude and phase frequency spectra. The results obtained by the PTR method indicate that the lifetimes of optically generated carriers in CdSe and CdxMg₁₋xSe crystals are about 0.1 μs. The diffusion length of minority carrier in n-type CdSe single crystal was found to be 4.42 μm and it is in a good agreement with the literature value. It was found that with the increasing thermal-to-plasma component coefficient A the carrier concentration increases as expected from PTR theory.
EN
The paper presents results of computations of the energy efficiency of the cobalt luminescence in ZnSe:Co determined by the photoacoustic method. The transmission spectra, photoacoustic experimental and theoretical spectra, and the frequency dependence on the photoacoustic amplitude characteristics are presented. From them, the energy efficiency of Co²⁺ the near infrared luminescence (3200 nm) was computed in the frame of new proposed photoacoustic model of computations of the luminescence energy efficiency.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono rozważania teoretyczne i wyniki eksperymentalne badań parametrów rekombinacyjnych materiałów krzemowych z wykorzystaniem techniki MFCA. Wykorzystana technika badawcza bazuje na zjawisku modulacji absorpcji na nośnikach swobodnych.
EN
This paper presents theoretical and experimental results of investigations of the recombination parameters of the silicon materials with the MFCA method. The applied technique is based on the phenomenon of the modulated free carriers absorption.
EN
This paper presents step by step the procedure of determination of the quantum efficiency of luminescence of Mn²⁺ ions in the Zn₁₋xBexMnySe crystals. The method is based on the photoacoustic spectroscopy approach. In the paper, the experimental spectra of absorbance, transmission, absorption and photoacoustic spectra of the samples are presented and analyzed from the point of view of the possibility of determination of the quantum efficiency of Mn²⁺ ion luminescence at room temperature. It was determined experimentally that in the investigated crystals the quantum efficiency of luminescence in the Mn²⁺ ions is about 35%, 40%, 32% for the absorption peaks at 430 nm, 470 nm, and 510 nm, respectively, for Zn₀.₇₅Be₀.₂Mn₀.₀₅Se crystal.
EN
This paper presents results of the photoacoustic (PA) spectral studies, of a series of silicon samples with differently prepared surfaces, in two PA experimental configurations, so-called, absorption and transmission ones. The PA amplitude spectra of the samples indicated existence of the damaged surface layers. In the paper, the two layer mathematical models of a sample with a damaged surface layer that were used for numerical interpretation of the amplitude PA spectra of the investigated samples, are presented and discussed.
EN
This paper presents comparison of two photoacoustic modes of determination of optical absorption spectra of semiconductors illustrated with the results obtained for SiGe crystals. Experimental transmission and absorption photoacoustic spectra of SiGe crystals as well as appropriate models for determination of optical absorption coefficient spectra are given. The idea and experimental set-up of the analyzed methods are presented too. From the fitting procedure of theoretical characteristics to experimental transmission and absorption photoacoustic spectra and after computations of the optical absorption coefficient spectra, three components of the optical absorption coefficient spectra of SiGe crystals were identified, i.e., band to band transitions, Urbach tail and free carriers absorption. Their parameters are given and discussed in the paper. At the end, the advantages and disadvantages of both methods are discussed. To the best of our knowledge, such a comparison of the two PA methods of determination of the optical absorption spectra has not been done before.
EN
The aim of this paper is to present the formula, and its derivation, for a photoacoustic (PA) signal in the front configuration in the case when the effect of multiple reflections of light in a sample is taken into account. The formula derived in the paper was next used for theoretical investigations of the influence of multiple reflections of light on series of PA spectral characteristics.
EN
The goal of investigations presented in this paper was to change the microstructure of a glass-crystalline material in order to improve its thermal diffusivity. Thermal diffusivity is an important thermo-physical parameter, which determinates the diffusion of heat through a sample. The paper presents results of nondestructive photoacoustic (PA) studies of this parameter for investigated ceramic material. The thermal diffusivity values are evaluated by the fitting of amplitude and phase theoretical characteristics to experimental data in a proposed PA model. The analysis of the data shows that the change of the microstructure of a glass-crystalline material successfully changes the thermal parameters of investigated ceramic material.
PL
Celem badań przedstawionych w artykule było osiągnięcie zmiany mikrostruktury materiału szkło-krystalicznego poprawiającej jego dyfuzyjność cieplną. Dyfuzyjność cieplna jest ważnym parametrem termo-fizycznym, który charakteryzuje dyfuzję ciepła przez próbkę. Artykuł pokazuje wyniki nieniszczących badań fotoakustycznych (PA) tego parametru dla badanego materiału ceramicznego. Wartości dyfuzyjności cieplnej określane są w proponowanym modelu PA za pomocą dopasowania teoretycznych charakterystyk amplitudowej i fazowej do danych doświadczalnych. Analiza wyników pokazuje, że zmiana mikrostruktury materiału szkło-krystalicznego z powodzeniem zmienia właściwości parametrów cieplnych badanego materiału ceramicznego.
17
Content available remote Structure homogeneity as a parameter for evaluation of composite casting quality
EN
The structure of composite materials is be usually described as a compound of two structural components called matrix and reinforcement, respectively. A classic, commonly known example is polyester resin reinforced with glass fibres. Composite materials obtained through casting techniques are frequently characterised by irregular distribution and content of reinforcement in the casting volume as well as by different shape and size of this structural element [1–5]. It clearly results from the fundamentals of materials engineering that this type of structural diversity has a crucial effect on its broadly understood properties. Therefore, a need arises to define in a simple but precise way what we understand as homogeneity or non-homogeneity of the material, as well as for introduction of measures for this feature. The present study is limited to cast metal-matrix composite materials that, due to their manufacture technology, are particularly susceptible to the occurrence of non-homogeneity. However, the proposed solution may be also applied in characterisation of other materials. Till now, the concept of non-homogeneity has no commonly accepted definition [6-10]. Among others, it is defined as: – deviation of certain geometric features from the structure accepted conventionally as homogenous; – local structure disorder, the intensity of which is accomplished with different probability; – derivative of the diversity of geometric features of measured elements which results from their orientation (anisotropy) or position (gradient) in a tested object. In the case of composite castings when the concept of defect as deviation from the desired features is being used as a rule in describing the quality parameters of these materials, it seems to be advisable to introduce the concept of material homogeneity. Deviation from this feature, i.e. a defect, will be the non-homogeneity of, for instance, structure porosity or amount, spatial distribution, size or shape of reinforcing phase precipitations. This paper presents a proposal for complex determination of reinforcement structure homogeneity along with its practical application.
PL
W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono opis rozmieszczenia fazy zbrojącej (węglik krzemu w postaci cząstek) w odlewach kompozytowych o osnowie siluminowej (AlSi11) za pomocą metod statystycznych. Do oceny jednorodności rozmieszczenia badanych elementów na badanym obszarze wykorzystano metodę SKIZ (Skeleton by Influence Zone). Analizę statystyczną przeprowadzono za pomocą testu Kruskala-Wallisa. Badania nad określeniem parametrów jakości odlewów kompozytowych, do których można zaliczyć jednorodność rozmieszczenia fazy zbrojącej przyczynią się do wytworzenia materiałów z małą ilością defektów strukturalnych co na bezpośredni wpływ ma koszty ekonomiczne i ekologiczne.
EN
In the present paper is presented a description of the distribution of reinforcing phase (silicone carbide in the form of particles) in composite casts with siluminium matrix (AlSi11) by means of statistical methods. For evaluation of the homogeneity of distribution of examined elements within the analysed area, the SKIZ (Skeleton by Influence Zone) method was used. Statistical analysis was performed with the Kruskal-Wallis test. Studies on determination of the quality parameters of composite casts, into which the homogeneity [uniformity] of reinforcing phase distribution can be included, will contribute to production of materials with a low number of structural defects, which have a direct influence on economic and ecological costs.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono przykładowe wyniki badań fotoakustycznych, wykonanych w Katedrze Podstaw Elektroniki, szeregu materiałów półprzewodnikowych w okresie ostatnich 5 lat. Z założenia jest to przegląd przeprowadzonych badań w tym okresie czasu ilustrujący obszar poszukiwań naukowych w dziedzinie fotoakustyki i jej zastosowań do charakteryzacji optycznej, termicznej i rekombinacyjnej ciał stałych. Jest to też okazja do podsumowania uzyskanych w tym czasie wyników badań i wskazanie kierunków dalszych poszukiwań.
EN
The results of dynamic evaluation of the reliability of hypereutectic AlSi17Cu3NiMg silumin under the effect of symmetrical cyclic tensile-compressive stresses were presented. Studies were carried out on a normal-running fatigue testing machine, which was the mechanically driven resonant pulsator. For the needs of quantitative reliability evaluation and the time-to-failure evaluation, the procedures used in survival analysis, adapted to the analysis of failure-free operation with two- and three-parametric Weibull distributions, were applied. The values of the parameters were estimated using the method of maximum reliability and a rank-based non-parametric method. The results of the evaluation of the reliability and damage intensity are an important element in the determination of casting quality and enable a reliable estimation of the operational suitability time.
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