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1

Evaluation of the soil quality in the vicinity of Inowrocław soda plants

Wiatrowska K. M., Komisarek J., Marcinek J., Kozłowski M.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2018

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Vol. 44, no. 3

58--67

EN

The aims of this study were to assess the quality of soils affected by strongly saline waste products and to analyze the spatial distribution pattern of soil properties influenced by a soda plant. Soil samples were analyzed for electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), pH, trace element content and dehydrogenases activity. The research was conducted in the vicinity of the waste ponds of the Ciech Soda Poland S.A. company (Central Poland), where 35 groundwaters, 63 surface (0–20 cm) and 60 subsurface (80–100 cm) samples were collected. Although the waste ponds are currently not used for regular disposal of waste products, a high level of salinity of groundwater and soil, especially in the subsurface layer, is still being observed. The electrical conductivity of soil saturation extract (ECse) values varied between 0.9–15.4 and 1.0–87.2 dS·m-1 for surface and subsurface layer, respectively. Analysis of the spatial distribution of soil salinity reveals a correlation with microrelief and groundwater levels. Maps of the spatial distribution of heavy metals showed that their content in the subsurface layer was a result of chemical migration from the waste ponds, and in the surface layer by other sources (atmospheric deposition). The soil salinity did not influence dehydrogenases activity.

2

Soil Sequences Along a Slope of the Opalenica Plain

Kozłowski M., Komisarek J.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 17, nr 1

69—76

EN

The paper presents the results of a study on differentiation of the morphological structure of soil and selected physical and chemical properties of soils in toposequence of the Opalenica Plain. The study was conducted in a 1200 m long transect running through a typical soil toposequence for the Polish Lowland, and therefore the results presented in this study can be extrapolated to similar geomorphological conditions of the area. On the basis of pedological cross-section, the following soil units were distinguished: PWspgl – Albic Luvisols (Arenic) with glossic properties, PAt – Albic Glossic Retisols (Loamic), PAsp – Albic Glossic Retisols (Aric, Arenic), PAspgg – Albic Glossic Retisols (Aric, Arenic, Oxyaquic), PWsggl – Albic Luvisols (Aric, Arenic, Stagnic) with glossic properties, PWgggl – Albic Luvisols (Aric, Loamic, Stagnic) with glossic properties, CZgg – Mollic Reductigleyic Eutric Gleysols (Aric, Loamic), CFt – Fluvic Phaeozems (Aric, Arenic). Each of these units has its own specific position in toposequence but the occurrence of Fluvic Phaeozems (Aric, Arenic) are associated with geogenetic processes of Mogilnica river. In this work, using a multiple regression analysis a statistically significant relationships between the position of the soils in relief and the terrain slopes and the organic carbon content in Ap horizon, the cation exchangeable capacity, the sum of exchangeable bases and the pH were obtained. Systematic variability of most soil properties of Ap horizon have shown two distances of spatial variation. The first concerns the systematic changes in shorter distance (from 132 to 344 m) and can be associated with differences in soil properties between separate soil units. The second distance of spatial correlation ranges from 431 m to 792 m, which testify to the fact that quantitative changes in the properties of soils are realized gradually and distinctly, together with the differentiation of the slope, over several separate cartographic units.

3

Identification of the Hydrogeochemical Processes in Groundwater of Gleysols and Retisols Toposequence of the Opalenica Plain

Kozłowski M., Komisarek J.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 17, nr 2

113--120

EN

Hydrogeochemical investigation was carried out in the toposequence of Gleysols and Retisols within the Opalenica Plain. Groundwater samples from the study area were collected every two or four weeks from 2002 to 2006 in pre-cleaned 1-L polyethylene bottle from 2 representative wells. The results of research indicated that the quantity of dissolved components in groundwater was connected with wells location in the relief and the properties of soil parent materials. The groundwater of soil located higher in the slope (Retisols) was characterized by smaller concentrations of the analysed components, when compared with the composition of groundwater from lower sites of the slope (Gleysols). The groundwater chemistry is mainly controlled by weathering of carbonate minerals as well as silicate weathering. Moreover, the research results indicate that evaporation process can influence the chemical composition of groundwater in the lower part of the slope.

4

Czasowa zmienność zawartości wybranych składników rozpuszczonych w wodach gruntowych układu katenalnego na Pojezierzu Poznańskim

Kozłowski M., Komisarek J.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2013

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Tom 15, cz. 2

1965--1981

EN

This paper presents results of temporal variability of groundwater chemical composition in catena of arable Albeluvisols and Gleysols/Chernozem. The purpose of this study was to assess temporal variability of dissolved components in groundwater with particular reference to soil toposequence. The researches were carried out in the cultivated catchment area of the Przybroda Experimental Station located in the north-central part of the Poznań Lakeland (west part of Poland) within the Szamotuly Plain. Every two or four weeks from 2004 to 2006 the groundwater samples from six stationary points (wells) were collected. In groundwater samples the Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, HCO3-, SO2-4, PO43-, pH and EC were determined. Temporal variability of dissolved components in groundwater of catena was determined using the geostatistical analysis in which the semivariance is the basic function. Relations between values of semivariance and time correlation ranges were determined using the Variovin and the Surfer programmes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the temporal variability of concentrations of the selected components dissolved in groundwater using geostatistical methods. The results of the researches indicate, that the quantity of dissolved components in groundwater was connected with a soil location in a relief and properties of soil parent materials. The groundwater of soil located higher in a catena ware characterized by smaller concentrations of the analyzed components, compared with water of lowest elements of the slope. The results show that temporal changes in the content of the analyzed components were characterized by large values of systematic variability and small values of random variability (nugget effect). Low nugget effects indicate that the temporal changes in concentration of the analyzed components were temporary correlated. Systematic variability was characterized by two temporary structures. The first concerns the systematic changes in shorter periods of time, which could be the result of groundwater inflow of compounds dissolved in percolating water and lateral inflow and outflow. The second was characterized by changes for longer periods, which can be related to the dynamic balance established between the weathering processes and translocation of weathering products, as well as their solubility and precipitation. Depending on a relief, the systematic variability has shown shorter temporal range for concentrations of analyzed dissolved components in groundwater (in both the first and in the second structure of semivariograms). This relationship should be associated with a shorter duration of migration of rainwater to groundwater table by decreasing the thickness of the unsaturated zone with decreasing soil position on the slope. Values of the time correlation range obtained in this study indicate that on the one hand it is possible to monitor the concentrations of the components dissolved in the groundwater in longer time intervals but on the other hand the temporal intervals depend on well location in a catena.

5

Specjacja wybranych składników rozpuszczonych w wodach gruntowych układu katenalnego na Pojezierzu Poznańskim

Kozłowski M., Komisarek J, Wiatrowska K

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2012

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Tom 14

607--622

EN

The purpose of this research was to assess speciations of dissolved components of groundwater in a typical for the Poznan Lakeland catena of arable Albeluvisols and Chernozem. The researches were carried out in the cultivated catchment area of the Przybroda Experimental Station located in the north-central part of the Poznan Lakeland (west part of Poland) within the Szamotuly Plain. Every two or four weeks from 04.2005 to 03.2006 the groundwater samples, from six stationary points (wells) were collected. In groundwater samples the concentration of fallowing ions Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, HCO3-, CO32-, SO2-4, PO43-, and pH, EC were determined. Taking into consideration that dissolved components in groundwater can occur in many chemical forms, the computer programs Visual Mineq was used to assess their speciations. The observed values of groundwater pH were ranged from 6.3 to 8.3, therefore the simulations of speciation at 7.0, and 8.0 pH were done. The results of the researches indicate, that the quantity of dissolved components in groundwater was connected both with soil location in the relief and properties of soil parent materials. The groundwater of soil located higher in a catena were characterized by lower concentrations of the analyzed components, compared with water of lowest elements of the slope. It would seem that the chemistry of groundwater in P4 well should be characterized by concentrations of the analyzed components similar to those observed in P5 and P6 soils. However, studies show that the quantities of these components in groundwater of P4 well were similar to P1-P3. It could be related to water inflow from the higher parts of catena which are neutralized and less aggressive to components contained in the soil. Result obtained from simulation showed that calcium at pH 7.0 occurs mainly as a free ion (Ca2+), whose share ranged from 85% (P5) to 90% (P3). The second form of calcium was a aqua complex CaSO4(aq) (7-13%), and third-CaHCO3- (1-3%). The content of FCa2+, CaSO4(aq) and CaHCO3- significantly decreases when pH increases to the value 8. From geochemical point of view at a thermodynamic equilibrium state there were conditions suitable for precipitation of calcium in the form of calcite and dolomite. In groundwater of the Albeluvisols calcite is precipitated mainly calcite while in Chernozem dolomite. Magnesium also accrued mainly as a free ion Mg2+ (87-92%), aqua complex MgSO4(aq) and MgHCO3- at pH 7. The increase to pH 8caused the precipitation of magnesium in the form of dolomite. In Albeluvisols (P1-P3) groundwater, this form do not exceed 30% of the total amount of magnesium speciation, whereas in the groundwater of Chernozem (P4-P6) the participation of CaMg(CO3)2was much higher. Potassium and sodium, these two metals occurred mainly as a free ion at 7 and 8 pH. At pH 7.0 in the analyzed groundwater from carbonate speciations bicarbonate (HCO3-) occurred most frequently (75%). Aqua complex H2CO3(aq) was a second speciation of carbonates (from 21% to 22%). CaHCO3- and MgHCO3- accounted for about 1% of all carbonate speciations, but in the groundwater of Chernozem the participation of MgHCO3- was greater than CaHCO3-, while in the groundwater of Albeluvisols vice versa. Significant changes in speciations of carbonates occurred when the pH increased to value 8. At this pH, content of HCO3- decreased to about 60% in groundwater of Albeluvisols while in Chernozem to 67%. The share of H2CO3(aq) also decreased to 2%. This decrease of HCO3- and H3CO3 (aq) in the analyzed groundwater was due to the precipitation of calcite and dolomite. In the P1-P4 wells carbonates could be precipitated both in form of calcite and dolomite (predominantly calcite), while in the groundwater of the P5 and P6 wells in the form of dolomite. In the analyzed groundwater a free ion of SO42- was a dominant speciation of sulphates, whose participation increased from 75-80% (pH 7) to 83-91% (pH 8.0) with increasing pH. Other important forms of sulphates MgSO4 (aq) and CaSO4 (aq) but in the P1-P4 were more CaSO4(aq) then CaSO4(aq), while in groundwater of the P5 and P6 vice versa. At 7.0 pH among phosphate spetiations H2PO4- ion dominated (38-43%), followed by HPO42-(from 34% to 36%). Also, a large percentage of MgHPO4 (aq) and CaHPO4(aq) were observed. In groundwater of P1-P4 wells CaHPO4 (aq) dominated over MgHPO4(aq), when in P5 and P6 reverse. The increase of pH to value 8 resulted in the dominance of HPO42- ion. Result from simulation test showed that analysed elements occur mainly as a free ions and aqua-complexes at 7.0 pH. At a higher pH, from thermodynamic point of view, conditions for precipitation of calcium and calcium-magnesium carbonates occurred. Furthermore, quantity of dissolved elements in groundwater and their speciations are connected with soil (well) location in the catena and properties of soil parent material.