Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

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NATO Command System and Air Policing in the Polish Airspace

Krawczyk Jacek, Tomaszycki Marek

Przegląd Nauk o Obronności

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2021

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R. 6, Nr 11

74--88

EN

Objectives: The article presents the NATO command structure with particular emphasis on the units responsible for command and control in the Polish airspace. The structure was described at three levels of command: strategic, operational and the tactical level. Moreover, the article also presents the issues concerning sovereignty in the space of the Republic of Poland and the cooperation of civil and military services in relation to the aircraft, which in an unauthorised manner crossed the state air border. Methods: Scientific methods used in the paper are: analysis and criticism of written sources, analysis and logical construction. Results: The article presents the structures of commands responsible for protection and defence of the airspace of NATO countries, their brief characteristics, command relationships and interdependencies between them and the main assumptions and objectives of the Air Policing mission, as well as the principles of implementation of this mission in the Polish airspace. Conclusions: The main purpose of NATO's activities is to protect its member states, as a basis for preserving peace and strengthening international security. The organisational structures of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, based on three levels of command, are able to ensure the security of all 30 countries belonging to the alliance. The Polish airspace command system is fully compatible and integrated with the NATO system and in constant readiness to carry out combat missions, including the Air Policing Mission.

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Challenges related to unmanned aerial vehicles

Tomaszycki Marek, Krawczyk Jacek

Przegląd Nauk o Obronności

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2020

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R. 5, Nr 9

103--115

EN

The Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council (EC) No. 2018/1139 (known as NBR - New Basic Regulation) on common rules in the field of civil aviation was introduced in order to regulate the issue of UAVs - Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, in all weight categories. It represents a new regulatory approach, which is of major importance in the field of European aviation legislation. Until the new regulation came into force, UAVs with a maximum take-off weight (MTOM) below 150 kg were subject to the regulations of authorities of individual EU Member States. The NBR introduced by implementing acts in the field of UAV forces the national aviation authorities of states to change the regulations currently in force. The most important issues that need to be standardised include the requirement to enter UAVs with the MTOW equal to or lower than 25 kg in the aircraft register, granting the BVLOS (Beyond Visual Line of Sight) fight approval and the UAVO (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Operator) certification process. In the author's opinion, what may be difficult and dangerous for safety in the airspace is the transitional period. During that time, manufacturers, airspace users and ATS (Air Traffic Service) will have to perform their tasks keeping in mind that it is a period when the new legal regulations currently prepared for entry into force will affect the entire sector related to unmanned aviation, which will also have an impact on manned aviation. Purpose: The purpose of the article is to discuss the basic challenges posed by the currently developed technology of unmanned aerial vehicles. Method: The scientific methods used in the paper include analysis, criticism of the literature on the subject and logical construction. Results: The article shows the differences between the existing regulations and those proposed by the European Commission and EASA (European Union Aviation Safety Agency). In addition, it presents the process of granting the approval to perform air operations by manned aircraft.

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Unmanned aerial vehicles : application, legal regulations and challenges

Krawczyk Jacek, Tomaszycki Marek

Przegląd Nauk o Obronności

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2019

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R. 4, Nr 7-8

1--14

EN

The advantages of unmanned systems, such as cheaper operation, greater safety, better performance in flight duration or their minimal impact on the natural environment, result in a systematic increase in their significance and development, compared to manned aircraft. Even today the UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) and UASs (Unmanned Aerial Systems) play a significant role both in civil, and in military environments, and they are expected to play a growing role in the world air transport and numerous other fields of human activity. At the end of 2018, the European Commission introduced the NBR (New Basic Regulations), regulating issues related to UAVs at a supranational level. This was a significant step towards the integration of manned and unmanned aviation, enabling international UAV flights, subjected to the same regulations of the member states on route of the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. When introduction of UAVs to the common airspace is considered, the particularly relevant elements include: maintaining the seamless air traffic control, safety, capacity and efficiency of airspace management, and securing environmental protection. The purpose of the present article is to demonstrate the potential UAV applications, present changes in legal regulations, and the challenges faced by the Air Traffic Services and the elements of aviation command. The article presents solutions ensuring an adequate level of safety and smoothness of air traffic in the common airspace for operations carried out by both manned and unmanned aircraft. The article used the following methods: monographic, expert, participant observation, inductive and deductive, analysis, synthesis and comparison. Research sources were available literature and magazines, press articles, interviews, reports and authors' own experience as well as documents sourced from websites, most of which were written in English.