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1

Konsolidacja przemysłowego potencjału obronnego w Polsce : uwarunkowania, dylematy i szanse

Pacek B.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2014

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nr 1(94)

5-24

EN

This article attempts to assess the experience of American and European consolidation of the defence industry and to identify the essential factors that may affect such consolidation in Poland. Against this background, a draft assessment of previous activities to consolidate the defence industry in our country is being presented with original preliminary assessments and recommendations concerning the desired direction of further restructuring of this sector. Concentrating on companies from the defence sector is often perceived as the right reaction to achieve changes in the security environment, technological progress and a country’s financial opportunities. The decision on the consolidation of the Polish defence industry, establishing control over the Polish Military Group by the State Treasury, is in line with the endeavours of NATO and European Union countries.

2

Nowe misje Unii Europejskiej

Pacek B.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2012

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nr 4(89)

19-42

PL

W artykule zawarto opis nowych misji pod flagą Unii Europejskiej, w ramach wspólnej polityki bezpieczeństwa i obrony. Skupiono się na trzech misjach. Pierwsza – w Południowym Sudanie ma na celu poprawę bezpieczeństwa portu lotniczego w Jubie. Druga – na terenach Rogu Afryki, ukierunkowana jest na budowanie regionalnych zdolności morskich. Trzecia – w rejonie geograficznym Sahelu skupia się na szkoleniu sił bezpieczeństwa Republiki Nigru. Scharakteryzowano aspekty planistyczne i finansowe tych misji, których cele strategiczne wpisują się w założenia Europejskiej Strategii Bezpieczeństwa – obronę kontynentu europejskiego przed czynnikami destabilizującymi.

EN

The article deals with the new military missions under the European Union flag, as part of the Common Security and Defence Policy. This paper covers three missions. The first one being in South Sudan which aims to strengthen the security of the Juba International Airport. The second one is in the Horn of Africa, focusing on the regional maritime capabilities building. The third one is in the geographic region of Sahel, focusing on the training of the security forces of the Republic of Niger. The planning and financial aspects of these missions are described and the mission is stated as having strategic goals in line with the assumptions of the European Security Strategy, namely – the protection of the European continent against destabilising factors.

3

Wybrane problemy planowania operacji wojskowych Unii Europejskiej

Pacek B., Brylonek M.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2011

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nr 4(85)

29-45

EN

Since formally established, the European Union (EU) is becoming more and more active on the international scene. Crisis Management Operations (CMOs) are important tools of enhancing the political position. Therefore the EU has elaborated autonomous capabilities of initiation and conduct of civilian and military CMOs, being a response to international crisis situations. The authors, basing on their professional experience, present elements of the newly created European External Action Service and its role in the planning and conduct of the CMOs. The article explains the EU complicated crisis management process and actions taken by different committees and institutions during its respective phases. The authors indicate selected problems encountered during planning and conduct of EU military operations, supported by practical real life examples, only to mention the lack of a permanent EU operation headquarters, ineffective force generation process or the issue of national caveats.

4

Działalność sądów i prokuratury wojskowej w latach 1943-1945

Pacek B., Rochnowski A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2011

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nr 1(82)

264-273

EN

The history of armed conflicts abounds in not only numerous heroic deeds. Although left unsaid, it is full of a great number of desertions, thefts and ordinary hooliganism. A high rate of crime and low level of discipline may influence negatively the effects of operations. Therefore both political decision-makers and commanders themselves have always paid a lot of attention to law enforcement and justice bodies and to effective activity of military courts and prosecutor’s office. These bodies’ operation is also greatly important after the war as soldiers’ recovery from stress and their slackness is often accompanied with the feeling of impunity. In the modern history of Poland, the establishment and development of military law enforcement and justice bodies have always been connected with the changes that took place in the army itself. At the end of World War II and directly afterwards, these bodies exerted a big influence not only on the course of operations but on the image of the army as well. They also caused many perversions and conducted actions against the law. In May 1943 at Sielce-upon-Oka in the Soviet Union, the first Polish “people’s” army (1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division) was set up under the initiative of communists - members of the Polish Patriots’ Union. That army was completely dependent on the Soviet Union. Military prosecutor’s office formed and cooperated within the headquarters was tasked to maintain military discipline and order. Following setting up new military formations, new prosecutor’s offices were established, i.e. the 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division, 1st Polish Armed Forces Corps in the USSR, 1st Polish Army in the USSR and then on divisions’ level. The first Polish Armed Forces’ court martial in the USSR was the 1st Division Court headed by a Soviet officer Lt.Col. Stefan Piekarski. The first division’s prosecutor was Corp. Hilary Minc, later promoted major on 7th July on the day of taking over the prosecutor’s duties. After 2 months, on 1st September 1943, the 1st Corps’ court martial was set up, and the Polish Army in the USSR court martial was established on 13th April 1944. Soviet officers affected greatly the functioning of both those bodies that in that initial period often played an exaggerating role in their decision making and adopting particular solutions. Until the end of the war both those bodies acted actively influencing essentially both the rate of crime and discipline. They also had a dominating influence on obeying the basic principle - law that should guide both these bodies. Unfortunately, they often did not comply with that principle. As the years passed, both the courts and prosecutors’ offices evolved in a good direction being led by law and not by the will of military and political superiors and leaders.

5

Operacja wojskowa Unii Europejskiej w Czadzie i Republice Środkowoafrykańskiej

Pacek B.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2008

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nr 3(72)

269-284

EN

The article presents a wide spectrum of Information concerning the European Union’s military operation in Chad and the Central African Republic (CAR) - EUFOR/CHAD/RCA. It describes its legal basis, launching the operation, its respective stages, history, main tasks, logistic and medical support, communication, main threats and challenges. One part relates to the Polish participation in this operation. The author draws attention to the role of France as a lead nation, as well as Poland and Ireland as two biggest partners of the operation. A detailed analysis of respective operation stages based on a specific character of countries located in the heart of Africa enables presenting clearly the characteristics of the operation in Chad and the CAR. A description of threats in both these countries and neighbouring ones is presented and complemented with a wide range of challenges and problems that become conclusions to implement in future military operations in Africa. In the final part of the article, the author describes a forecasted way of finishing the operation and poses some rhetoric questions concerning a UN peace operation which is supposed to follow the EU military operation.

6

Działania specjalne Żandarmerii Wojskowej

Pacek B.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2008

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nr 1(70)

81-92

EN

The importance of special forces and special operations has been constantly growing since the Second World War. Special forces conduct operations unassisted in conditions when the use of conventional forces is not possible or recommended due to political, military, operational or tactical reasons and in other forces’, organizations’ or institutions’ support operations. The article does not cover the whole of special forces’ subject matter as it presents only the participation of one of providing security bodies, i.e. Military Police units in accomplishing special operations tasks and the opportunities how to use Military Police in special operations and actions. The character of contemporary threats requires more significant engagement of specific military forces, special forces including and also Military Police, particularly its specialised elements. The Polish Armed Forces’ fundamental mission in peacetime is to maintain forces and capabilities necessary to carry out tasks in order to protect and ensure Poland's security and to offer necessary military assistance to civilian authorities, mainly in case of non-military threats (such as natural disasters and catastrophes). However, Poland’s admission to NATO caused that our country much more of-ten participates in peace and stabilisation missions conducted outside the territory of Poland. Although Military Police activities and operations have a special character, they differ from special forces’ military operations. The main difference is the special forces’ aim. The military policemen’s goal is not to eliminate (kill) the opponents (enemy) but to detain, arrest and take them to court.

7

Żandarmeria Wojskowa w misjach pokojowych i stabilizacyjnych

Pacek B.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2007

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nr 2(67)

232-243

EN

In this article the Author tries to show how the Military Police works in the stabilization and peacekeeping missions. Also the aspects of ensuring security and public order in these operations are presented. The basic facts related to the participation of the MP in some operations in order to keep peace are shown. The Author explains also the evolution of the MP component from a small element of the Polish Military Contingent within the national and multinational structures to a separate Polish Military Contingent of the Military Police in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Moreover, the influence of the stabilization and peacekeeping operations on the MP role in the peacekeeping military units is analyzed and the main tasks of ensuring security and public order are presented.

8

Doświadczenia z misji zagranicznych Żandarmerii Wojskowej na przykładzie operacji „Benga” w Demokratycznej Republice Konga

Pacek B.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2007

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nr 4(69)

220-229

EN

The change of threats appearing in the world shows a growing role of military police in solving crisis situations. The author, on the example of operation “Benga” conducted by EUFOR in the Democratic Republic of Congo features how Military Police (MP) played one of the most important roles in that operation. The description of actions of Military Police special forces on the background of the whole operation and social and political situation in Congo proves the possibility of independent military contingents’ organisation by Military Police. The evaluation and analysis of particular stages of the mission and threats appearing in the course of the operation as well as the specific character of tasks presented in the article makes the author draw a conclusion concerning further MP engagement in similar operations.