Preferencje help
Widoczny [Schowaj] Abstrakt
Liczba wyników

Znaleziono wyników: 25

Liczba wyników na stronie
first rewind previous Strona / 2 next fast forward last
Wyniki wyszukiwania
help Sortuj według:

help Ogranicz wyniki do:
first rewind previous Strona / 2 next fast forward last
1
PL
Wyznaczono oraz przeanalizowano opory skrawania w procesie konwencjonalnego i trochoidalnego frezowania stopu aluminium 2017. Opracowano strategię obróbki i wytyczne do badań oraz zaprezentowano możliwość wykorzystania platformy pomiarowej bazującej na elementach tensometrii oporowej. Przedstawiono analizę wyników obejmujących rozkład składowych sił skrawania w procesach frezowania konwencjonalnego i trochoidalnego, realizowanych przy tych samych parametrach skrawania i tymi samymi narzędziami. Podjęto próbę interpretacji wyników.
EN
Cutting forces in the process of conventional and trochoidal milling of aluminum 2017 alloy were determined and analyzed. A machining strategy, testing guidelines and the possibility of using a measuring platform based on resistance tensometry elements were developed. The paper also presents an analysis of the results concerning the distribution of the cutting forces in the processes of conventional and trochoidal milling, carried out with the same cutting parameters and tools. An attempt was made to interpret the results.
PL
W pracy pokazano, w jaki sposób strategia obróbki wykończeniowej może wpływać na jakość i dokładność wytwarzanych powierzchni swobodnych. Analizy dokonano na podstawie pomiarów na współrzędnościowej maszynie pomiarowej. Otrzymane w wyniku pomiaru mapy powierzchni ze zdefiniowanymi błędami były podstawą do weryfikacji kryterium doboru strategii obróbkowej, związanym z jakością wytwarzanych powierzchni.
EN
The accuracy of some free-form samples with respect to strategy of the machining has been discussed in this paper. The three samples have been produced by CNC machine center. The accuracy analysis of produced free-form surfaces was made using coordinate measuring machine (CMM). The diagrams or maps of errors, received from measurement, are simply provided to conclusions, which strategy of the finishing operation will be acceptable.
EN
The paper presents the use of rapid prototyping technology of three dimensional printing (3DP) to make a prototype shell casting mold. In the first step, for identification purposes, a mold was prepared to enable different alloys to be cast. All molds being cast were designed in a universal CAD environment and printed with the zp151 composite material (Calcium sulfate hemihydrate) with a zb63 binder (2-pyrrolidone). It is designated to be used to prepare colourful models presenting prototypes or casting models and molds. The usefulness of 3DP technology for use with copper alloys, aluminum and zinc was analyzed. The strength of the mold during casting was assumed as a characteristic comparative feature in the material resistance to high temperature, the quality of the resulting casting and its surface roughness. Casting tests were carried out in vacuum – pressure casting. The casting programs applied, significantly increased the quality of castings and enabled precise mold submergence. Significant improvement was noted in the quality compared to the same castings obtained by gravity casting.
4
Content available remote Obróbki wysokowydajne na przykładzie technologii imachining
PL
W pracy pokazano obecne trendy dotyczące zwiększania produktywności w obróbce skrawaniem. Na przykładzie technologii imachining udowodniono przydatność takich działań. Zbadano uzyskane parametry chropowatości powierzchni po obróbce. Porównano czasy obróbki za pomocą metody standardowej i analizowanej technologii imachining.
EN
The work shows the current trends of increasing productivity in machining. For example on imachining technology, the usefulness of such activities is proven. Surface roughness parameters obtained were examined after treatment. Processing times were compared using standard methods and analysed imachining provides technology.
EN
The previous mini-hydrogenator rotors’ prototypes were made of ABS thermoplastic material with use of fused deposition modelling (FDM). However, there is a need for such rotors made of metallic materials with higher strength. In paper three dimensional printing (3DP) as rapid prototyping technology, was presented, to execute a shell mould of rotor prototype. In initial phase, the moulds were prepared which allow to cast a simple geometric solid with different alloys, for comparative reasons. The form of rotor and testing cast moulds were designed using universal CAD environment and printed composite using material zp151 (Calcium sulfate hemihydrate) with a binder zb63 (2- pyrrolidone) for preparation of colourful presentation models or casting models. The suitability of technology usage with alloys of copper , aluminium and zinc, was analyzed. The strength of the mould during casting, a material resistant to high temperature, the quality of received casting and its surface roughness were assumed as the comparative parameters which characterized method.
EN
The paper presents experimental optimization of geometrical conditions regarding the shape of billet’s end pieces in the extrusion process of aluminum alloys. The experiments were performed using appropriately pre-treated plasticine as a substitute material. A special test stand was built using a Plexiglass die in order to make it possible to conduct observations and measurements of the modeled contamination surface. To find the best solution, a great number of shape variants of the billets and of their heating temperatures were experimentally analyzed. An attempt was made to find such a solution that could not only resolve the issue of the removal of contaminants from the contact surface of the pre- heated billets but also develop the least complicated technology of billet fabrication. The test results show how to develop the design process and production technology and also offer advice how to improve the quality of the produced profiles. Finally the authors recommend such a shape for the billets that will ensure effective removal of contaminants from the contact surfaces.
7
Content available Platforma pomiarowa do wyznaczania oporów skrawania
PL
W pracy pokazano na konkretnych przykładach metodę pomiaru składowych sił skrawania dla toczenia i wiercenia. W pomiarach wykorzystano platformę pomiarową AMTI MC6-6-4000. Zaprezentowano zarówno samą aparaturę pomiarową wraz z możliwościami oprogramowania, jak też wyniki przeprowadzonych pomiarów. Otrzymane w wyniku pomiarów wykresy składowych sił skrawania oraz momentów skrawania są z kolei podstawą do obliczeń całkowitej siły skrawania oraz mocy skrawania. Sformułowano również wnioski na temat przydatności metody pomiaru do zastosowań edukacyjnych.
EN
The method for measuring the components of the cutting forces for turning and drilling has been shown in this paper by the examples. The measurement platform AMTI MC6-6-4000 has been used for the measurements. Presented are both the measuring equipment and features of the presented software, as well as the results of the measurements. The resulting measurement charts components of the cutting forces and cutting moments are in turn the basis for the calculation of the total cutting force and cutting power. The conclusions about the usefulness of the method of measurement for educational uses have described as well.
PL
W artykule pokazano podstawy teoretyczne i eksperymentalną analizę kształtu kontaktu końcówek wlewków aluminiowych w procesie wyciskania współbieżnego. Badania doświadczalne wykonano na plastelinie jako materiale modelowym. Analizie poddano kilka wariantów związanych z konfiguracją kształtu wlewków. Założenia teoretyczne i badania eksperymentalne doprowadziły do optymalnego wyboru kształtu wlewków, które zapewniają najlepszą jakość złącza, Wariant ten zarekomendowano dalej do technologii procesu.
EN
The theoretical and experimental method of optimization the aluminium billet’s contact surface during extrusion have been presented in this paper. The theoretical assumption, based on welding criteria, have been confirmed by experimental researches. The technique of measurement has been shown as well. Experiments are made using plasticine as a substitute material. Some kind of different extrusion variants have been investigated. The theory and experiments have been provided to optimize the shape of contact surface. Booth of them may help in design and technology, where the major aim is to obtain the durable weld.
9
Content available remote Plastic properties of weld after micro-jet cooling
EN
Purpose: of that paper was analysing main plastic properties of welds made by MIG method with micro-jet cooling. The main reason of it was investigate possibilities of getting better plastic properties of welds made by MIG method with micro-jet cooling than welds made by ordinary welding method. It is possible because higher amount of acicular ferrite (AF) in WMD (weld metal deposit) is obtained in MIG method with micro-jet cooling in relation to ordinary welding method. Design/methodology/approach: During research Erichsen cupping tests and bending tests were carried out for welds made by MIG method with micro-jet cooling and ordinary welding method. Findings: High amount of acicular ferrite influences positively on plastic properties. Higher value of plastic parameters were observed for welds made by MIG method with micro-jet cooling. Research limitations/implications: That research was made for MIG method only. Another method of welding was not tested. Other methods of welding have not been tested, but it is suspected that similar phenomena are taking place. Practical implications: MIG method with micro-jet cooling `it is way to get better plastic properties of welds in relation to welds made by ordinary welding method. It is very important because it could be used to steering of mechanical properties of welded constructions. Originality/value: In this research welds made by new method of welding (welding with micro-jet cooling) were compare witch welds made by ordinary welding method. New method of welding is very promising and capable of industrial application, mainly due to the significant improvement of weld properties and quality.
PL
W pracy pokazano na konkretnych przykładach, w jaki sposób wybór strategii obróbki wykańczającej może wpływać na jakość i dokładność wytwarzanych powierzchni swobodnych. Powierzchniom tym w technice stawiane są liczne wymagania, gdyż stanowią one (lub są powiązane) z innymi elementami części maszyn, głównie form i matryc. Analiza dokładności wytworzenia powierzchni na frezarskim centrum obróbkowym ze sterowaniem CNC została przeprowadzona na podstawie pomiarów na współrzędnościowej maszynie pomiarowej. Otrzymane w wyniku pomiarów mapy powierzchni ze zdefiniowanymi błędami są z kolei podstawą do sformułowania wniosków odnośnie poprawy jakości wytwarzanych powierzchni. Wskazano również na rolę i zastosowanie współrzędnościowej techniki pomiarowej do wyżej zdefiniowanych zadań.
EN
The accuracy of some free-form samples with respect to strategy of the machining has been discussed in this paper. The results are very usefull, because this kind of surfaces are very important in technique, especially with respect to moulds and dies. Moreover, the technological parameters and strategy of finishing cuts have significant influence on accuracy. The three samples have been produced by CNC machine center. The accuracy analysis of produced free-form surfaces was made using coordinate measuring machine (CMM). The diagrams or maps of errors, received from measurement, are simply provided to conclusions, which strategy of the finishing operation will be acceptable and how to increase the precision in real production. The significance of the coordinate measuring system in controlling the accuracy has been described as well.
PL
Tiksotropia jest cechą charakterystyczną płynów, wykazujących podczas odkształcania zmianę lepkości w czasie trwania procesu. Ogólnie właściwość ta polega na tym, że podczas wzrostu naprężeń ścinających zmniejsza się lepkość płynu. Bardzo istotnym problemem w procesie kształtowania materiału o właściwościach tiksotropowych jest zapobieganie zjawisku segregacji cząstek stałych w objętości płynu. Ma to miejsce zwłaszcza podczas kształtowania struktury materiałów kompozytowych metodami obróbki plastycznej. Zwłaszcza podczas kształtowania struktur eutektycznych zjawiska segregacji mają istotny wpływ na strukturę wyrobu finalnego, dodatkowo najczęściej są to procesy niepożądane. Wypływ materiału przez kanały matrycy, realizowany z różnymi parametrami, takimi jak: geometria matrycy, siła wyciskania, jest przedmiotem badań różnych autorów. Ma to szczególne znaczenie przy zastosowaniu matryc mostkowych, w których następuje rozdzielenie, a następnie spajanie uprzednio rozdzielonych strug plastycznych, w przypadku produkcji skomplikowanych profili. Proces spajania jest weryfikowany za pomocą kryteriów spajania wzdłużnego. Dodatkowo ważne mogą być zjawiska związane ze spajaniem poprzecznym. Oba rodzaje kryteriów powinny być sprawdzone za pomocą badań eksperymentalnych. Aby produkować wyroby o określonym standardzie, trzeba mieć wiedzę o naprężeniach, kinematyce plastycznego płynięcia oraz wpływie temperatury na proces. Poza tym należy dobrać parametry technologiczne, takie jak: prędkość tłoka, temperatura pojemnika i wstępniaka. Zjawiska segregacji i tworzenia się aglomeratów mają zasadniczy wpływ na uzyskiwaną strukturę wyrobów kształtowanych technologią wyciskania w stanie półciekłym, w tym również kompozytów. Głównym celem pracy jest analiza niekorzystnego zjawiska segregacji cząstek stałych w procesie wyciskania z wykorzystaniem materiałów modelowych. Materiały te zarówno symulują zachowanie się cieczy o właściwościach tiksotropowych, jak też pozwalają na obserwację ruchu cząstek stałych. W niniejszej pracy badano zjawiska segregacji w warstwie przyściennej oraz procesy tworzenia się aglomeratów ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem rozkładu cząstek stałych w objętości materiału po zakończeniu procesu wyciskania.
EN
Thixotrophy is a property shear-thinning fluids have to show a time-dependent change in viscosity, the longer the fluid undergoes shear stress, the lower its viscosity. The most important problem regarding the thixoforming process is the prevention of the liquid segregation phenomena during deformation. So, it is take place during forming process of composites by plastic working. Since the liquid is of eutectic composition in materials, the liquid segregation will result in significant or undesirable situation. In this work, thus, the thixoforming experiments with a die designed to modelling extrusion process using substitute materials were carried out successfully. The die filling patterns of semisolid materials by varying the process parameters, such as geometry of the die and pressing force, have been investigated. During hot extrusion of complex profiles the billet is split into separate metal streams by the bridges of the die. Behind the bridges the metal streams join and are welded together to form the required profile. Welds formed this way lie along the product length and are referred as longitudinal welds. Since the majority of profiles are produced in continuous length, the extrusion products apart from longitudinal welds contain also transversal welds representing pints between successive billets. To produce a successful extrusion it is necessary to assure stress, flow and temperature conditions such that sound welds can be obtained. In general the weld quality is considerably influenced many factors relating to the die design, billet material and extrusion conditions (ram velocity, billet and die temperature).The segregation phenomena and formation of agglomerate have the basic influence on structure of the final product. The aim of this work is analyzing the phenomena of segregation in semi-solid extrusion process, using several kind of substitute materials, which can simulate the thixotrophic fluid behavior and displacement of solid particles. The experimental researches are made to investigation of segregation in the near-wall layers and the formation of agglomerate. Especially, the distribution of the solid particles at the end of extrusion process have been taken into consideration.
12
Content available remote The Influence of Segregation Phenomena on Quality of Product in Extrusion Process
EN
The segregation phenomena and formation of agglomerate have the basic influence on structure of the final product. The aim of this work is analyzing the phenomena of segregation in semi-solid extrusion process, using several kind of substitute materials, which can simulate the thixotrophic fluid behavior and displacement of solid particles. The experimental researches are made to investigation of segregation in the near-wall layers and the formation of agglomerate. Especially, the distribution of the solid particles at the end of extrusion process have been taken into consideration. Theoretical criteria describe the critical value of the energy liberated at the surfaces by the action of forces depends on the temperature, the pressure, the yield stress and the physical state and degree of intimacy of the contacting surfaces. The theory has been tested experimentally using a silicon polymer as a substitute material. Experimental stand with a Plexiglass die was prepared, such that the velocity fields at the surfaces could be observed and measured during plastic flow, allowing the empirical coefficients in the mathematical formulation to be estimated. On the basis of the theory and experiment an optimal die chamber was designed for a die with a complex shape.
EN
The theoretical and experimental method of optimization the aluminium billet’s contact surface during extrusion have been presented in this paper. The theoretical assumption, based on welding criteria, have been confirmed by experimental researches. The technique of measurement has been shown as well. Experiments are made using plasticine as a substiute material. Some kind of different variants have been investigated. The theory and experiments have been provided to optimize the modeling shape and may help in design and technology. The theory has been tested experimentally using a plasticine as a substitute material and a plexiglass die such that the velocity fields at the surfaces could be observed and measured during plastic flow, allowing the empirical coefficients in the mathematical formulation to be estimated. On the basis of the theory and experiments an optimal billet’s contact surface was proposed.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono eksperymentalną metodę wyznaczania naprężeń kontaktowych w procesach wyciskania. Do pomiaru użyto przetworników piezoelektrycznych wyposażonych w bardzo czuły układ membrany umieszczonej w obudowie wypełnionej silikonem, który reaguje na zmiany ciśnienia i przekazuje je na elementy czujnika. Zaprezentowano także wyniki badań, dotyczące rozkładów ciśnień na tłoku i ściankach recypienta (pojemnika). Omówiono technikę przeprowadzenia pomiarów, kalibrację toru pomiarowego przetworników i zastosowaną aparaturę. Badania przeprowadzono na materiale zastępczym (plastelinie), który bardzo dobrze symuluje procesy wyciskania stopów aluminium w podwyższonych temperaturach. Pokazano również znaczące różnice, jakie wystąpiły w rozkładach ciśnień podczas wyciskania symetrycznego i niesymetrycznego.
EN
The experimental method based on piezoresistive transducers has been presented in this paper. A high- sensitivity piezoresistive silicon chip is used for pressure sensing. The chip is protected against ambient influences by a stainless steel housing sealed with a concentrically corrugated diaphragm. The housing is filled with silicone oil so as to ensure the transfer of the pressure from the diaphragm to the sensing component. The results of pressure distribution have been shown on contact surface between ram, container and extruded material. The technique of measurement has been analysed as well. Experiments are made using plasticine as a substiute material. This kind of material is used to simulate extrusion process of aluminium alloys in elevated temperatures. The significant differences has been obtained in pressure distribution between symmetric and non - symmetric extrusion process.
PL
W niniejszej pracy pokazano i przedyskutowano kilka aspektów odnośnie dokładności metod teoretycznych i doświadczalnych w odniesieniu do analizy numerycznej skomplikowanego procesu wyciskania profili na gorąco. Podkreślono, że odpowiednie założenia odnośnie modelu lepko-plastycznego mają zasadniczy wpływ na otrzymywane wyniki. Najlepszą drogą weryfikacji wyników numerycznych jest przeprowadzenie badań doświadczalnych na materiałach zastępczych, a jeszcze lepiej na rzeczywistych stopach aluminium. W pracy pokazano zatem wyniki własnych badań modelowych i analizy numerycznej. Zaproponowano także wyposażenie stanowiska badawczego wraz ze schematem analizy rozpatrywanego problemu.
EN
The accuracy of some experimental and theoretical methods with respect to numerical analysis based on finite elements has been discussed in this paper. It has been suggested, that assumption about visco-plasticity model has been determined the results of numerical analysis, where complicated process of hot extrusion takes place. The best way to verify the accuracy of numerical analysis is preparing experimental researches. The substitute material or much better - real material should be used to confirm the precision and usefulness of numerical simulation to obtain pressure distribution in symmetric and non - symmetric extrusion processes. Some results of modelling experiments and numerical analysis has been presented as well. Moreover, the experimental equipment to use with 140T press has been proposed in this paper.
PL
Praca zawiera propozycję teoretycznego kryterium kohezji plastycznej rozdzielonych uprzednio wyciskanych strug stopów aluminium w podwyższonych temperaturach. Kryterium zakłada, że istotnie odpowiedzialnym czynnikiem jest krytyczna wartość sił stycznych na powierzchniach kontaktu. Krytyczna wartość pracy sił stycznych na powierzchniach kontaktu zależy od temperatury, granicy plastyczności, stopnia zbliżenia powierzchni i stanu fizycznego powierzchni kontaktu. W efekcie końcowym kryterium jest opisane funkcją temperatury, granicy plastyczności, naprężeń normalnych na kontakcie, prędkości odkształceń i pewnych parametrów reprezentujących geometrię i stan powierzchni. Praca zawiera również wyniki badań doświadczalnych procesu spajania strug plastycznych w procesie wyciskania współbieżnego materiału modelowego. Metoda badań doświadczalnych dotyczy sposobu weryfikacji kryteriów spajania bezpośrednio w procesie wyciskania, z wykorzystaniem materiału zastępczego typu silikon. Do wykonania badań na materiałach rzeczywistych zaprezentowano projekt specjalnego stanowiska badawczego wraz z wyposażeniem.
EN
The work contains a proposition of a theoretical criteria of plastic cohesion of formerly divided and extruded aluminium alloy's streams in elevated temperatures. The criteria presumes that essentially responsible factor is a critical value of shearing forces at the contact surface. The critical value of shearing force's work at contact surfaces depends on the temperature, yield stress, surfaces approach rate and physical state of the contact surface. Finally the criteria is formulated as a function of temperature, yield stress, normal stresses at contact point, strain rate, particular geometrical parameters and parameters depending on a state of the surface. The theory has been tested experimentally using a silicon polymer as a substitute material. Experimental stand with a Plexiglass die was prepared, such that the velocity fields at the surfaces could be observed and measured during plastic flow, allowing the empirical coefficients in the mathematical formulation to be estimated. To investigate the real process, the project of special experimental stand with equipment has been presented.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono eksperymentalną metodę wyznaczania naprężeń kontaktowych w procesach wyciskania. Do pomiaru użytoprzetworników piezoelektrycznych wyposażonych w bardzo czuły układ membrany umieszczonej w obudowie wypełnionej silikonem, który reaguje na zmiany ciśnienia i przekazuje je na elementy czujnika. Zaprezentowano także wyniki badań, dotyczące rozkładów ciśnień na tłoku i ściankach recypienta (pojemnika). Omówiono technikę przeprowadzenia pomiarów, kalibrację toru pomiarowego przetworników i zastosowaną aparaturę. Badania przeprowadzono na materiale zastępczym (plastelinie) - który bardzo dobrze symuluje procesy wyciskania stopów aluminium w podwyższonych temperaturach. Pokazano również znaczące różnice, jakie wystąpiły w rozkładach ciśnień podczas wyciskania symetrycznego i niesymetrycznego.
EN
The experimental method based on piezoresistive transducers has been presented in this paper. A high-sensitivity piezoresistive silicon chip is used for pressure sensing. The chip is protected against ambient influences by a stainless steel housing sealed with a concentrically corrugated diaphragm. The housing is filled with silicone oil so as to ensure the transfer of the pressure from the diaphragm to the sensing component. The results of pressure distribution have been shown on contact surface between ram, container and extruded material. The technique of measurement has been analysed as well. Experiments are made using plasticine as a substiute material. This kind of material is used to simulate extrusion process of aluminium alloys in elevated temperatures. The significant differences have been obtained in pressure distribution between symmetric and non - symmetric extrusion processes.
EN
The methodology of choosing substitute materials in modelling of semi-solid aluminium extrusion has been presented in this paper. The results, especially velocity and displacement distributions on the contact surface of formerly divided streams, were investigated using modern techniques of visualisation. The technique of measurement has been analysed as well. Experiments are made using silicone with hardener and some kinds of water solution of gelatin as a substitute materials. The results of experimental investigations has been confirmed that the described substitute materials have very similar properties to aluminium alloys in elevated temperatures. They may be used in modelling of plastic flow in symmetric or non-symmetric extrusion process in semi-solid state.
19
Content available remote Modelling of semi-liquid aluminium flow in extrusion with temperature effect
EN
During thixoforming, when the material is in the semi-liquid state, it exhibits thixotropic properties, i.e. the unsupported material remains stiff and holds its shape so it can be readily handled, but rapidly thins and flows like a liquid when sheared. It is this behaviour that is the key to the thixoforming process where material flows as a semi-liquid slurry into a die, as in conventional die-casting. Modelling the influence of the temperature distribution heterogeneity on deformation mechanisms during extrusion of the aluminium alloys in semi-liquid phase, the way of preparing samples and experimental technique has been analysed in the following work. There were made an analysis on the influence of the possible temperature distribution in recipient obtained during heating it on the extrusion process proceedings. The conclusions concerning stability of the process and appearing during it deformation mechanisms had been drawn on the ground of the received results. The plasticine and rape oil have been choosen as a substitute materials. Some kind of different variants have been investigated used a special experimental stand. The results of the tests presented below prove that the proposed technique can provide valuable insight into the material flow during deformation of aluminium alloys in the semi-liquid state and thus can give some guidance concerning the desirable temperature distribution within the workpiece.
20
Content available remote Modelling of semi-liquid aluminium flow in extrusion
EN
Experimental modeling using substitute materials is usually a simply way to obtain satisfacted results. This kind of experiment is characterizing by low cost. The significant results may be quickly applying using theory of probability. The way of modelling the deformation mechanisms during extrusion of aluminium alloys in semi - liquid phase, the way of preparing samples and experimental technique has been analysed in the following work. On the ground of received results (i.e. registrations of consecutive process steps) the grid of the flow velocity vectors on a flat sample surface was done. It allowed to draw conclusions which one of the basic deformation mechanisms is dominant in particular stage of the process. The technique of measurement has been shown as well. Experiments are made using plasticine and rape oil as a substiute materials. Some kind of different variants have been investigated. To ensure that such model experiments provide useful information it is essential to select model materials and prepare samples that would exhibit (preferably at room temperature) similar behaviour and similar deformation mechanisms as those present during the actual deformation process of aluminium alloys in a semi-liquid state. In particular the FLS, SS and PDS mechanisms should be adequately reproduced.
first rewind previous Strona / 2 next fast forward last
JavaScript jest wyłączony w Twojej przeglądarce internetowej. Włącz go, a następnie odśwież stronę, aby móc w pełni z niej korzystać.