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Kartografia ziem Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego w epoce panowania Jagiellonów

Alexandrowicz S.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2014

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T. 46, nr 1

62--76

PL

W artykule scharakteryzowano mapy przedstawiające ziemie Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego powstałe w okresie, gdy panowali w nim władcy z dynastii Jagiellonów, tj. przed 1572 rokiem oraz starano się określić wpływ rodzimej kartografii państw jagiellońskich na kształtowanie obrazu kartograficznego Europy począwszy od pierwszej połowy XVI wieku. Bliżej omówiono trzy mapy Bernarda Wapowskiego, szczególnie jego wielką Polonię z 1526 roku, która była wykorzystana m.in. przez Gerarda Merkatora do opracowania globusa oraz map Europy i świata, a także służyła jako podstawa przy sporządzaniu wszystkich kolejnych map Polski aż po wiek XVIII. Osobno zwrócono uwagę na wykorzystanie prac Wapowskiego przez Battistę Agnesego i Paola Giovia, autora najwcześniejszej wydanej drukiem mapy Państwa Moskiewskiego z roku 1525 oraz na mapę tego kraju Antoniego Wieda z 1542 roku. Ponadto przypomniano najstarsze znane zabytki wielkoskalowej kartografii majątkowej i kartografii wojskowej z obszaru Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego.

EN

The author describes maps of the entire Grand Duchy of Lithuania, or its parts, created in the epoch of the Jagiellonian dynasty rule, i.e. in the years 1434-1572. The author also shows the role of local cartography of Jagiellonian states in the incremental shaping of the cartographic image of Central and Eastern Europe, beginning from the first quarter of 16th century. Monk Fra Maura's of Venice huge manuscript wall map completed in 1459 is one of the most significant late-medieval maps of the world. It gives us some information about the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, such as the names of Belarus (Rossia Biancha) and Lithuania (Litvana) which are used here for the first time. The first authors of maps of Central and Eastern Europe had two significant sources of detailed information in the form of geographic descriptions: the handwritten Chorographia Regni Poloniae by Jan Dtugosz dating back to the seventies of the 15th century and Tractatus de duabus Sarmatiis... by Maciej of Miechów, published in Cracow in 1517, with more than ten subsequent editions not only in Latin but also Polish, German and Italian. Bernard Wapowski, the father of Polish cartography and the author of three important maps: Polonia (1526), Northern Sarmatia (1526) and Southern Sarmatia (1526 or 1528) used both of these works. The maps, created together with Copernicus and other Polish scientists, printed in the technique of woodcut in Cracow, present quite a faithful and detailed cartographic image of the entire Central and a big part of Eastern Europe. The most important was the great map of Polonia in the scale of about 1:1,000,000, preserved only in parts. Until 18th century, it served as the basis for the elaboration of subsequent maps of Poland - reduced in size and detail but with additional contents. The most popular were WacJaw Grodecki's (Basel, 1562), Andrzej Pograbka's (Venice, 1570) and Gerard Mercator's (Duisburg, 1585) and they functioned in many atlas publications. Polonia et Ungaria. XV. Nova tabula, the map published by Sebastian Mtinster in Basel in 1540 was a reduction and simplification of the Southern Sarmatia map. Respective fragments of Mercator's globe (1541) as well as his maps of Europe (1554) and the world (1569) were actually a radical generalization of Wapowski's maps. Battista Agnese's manuscript map and the woodcut Moschoviae tabula ex relatione demetri egri descripta..., added by Paolo Giovio to the country's description in 1525 are the oldest maps of the Moscow State. To present the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, adjacent from the West (today's Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine), the two Italian cartographers used Wapowski's maps before they were even printed. It was possible because Wapowski was at the time in constant contact with the scientific circles of Rome. This contradicts the hypothesis of the Russian archeologist and historian B.A. Rybakov (1974, 1994) that the sources for the creation of these maps were purely Muscovite in origin. The first more detailed original map of the Moscow State was elaborated in Vilnius by Antoni Wied on the basis of materials brought from Moscow, and published in 1542 in Antwerp. The first manuscript large scale property maps functioned on the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania even before 1569. Five such maps are known, created between 1527 and 1571, which present property relations and border conflicts in the parts of Grodno Region and Podlasie. Military cartography from the Jagiellonian times is represented by only two maps of the Uta castle near Potock: the manuscript map of the siege by Lithuanian army in 1563, and the printed map of its fortifications, which were ultimately never constructed, dating from about 1570.

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Mollusc Thanatocoenoses in Flood Deposits of the Beskid Mały Range and Foothills (Western Carpathians, Poland)

Alexandrowicz S.

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Earth Sciences

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2002

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Vol. 50, nr 1

67-80

EN

Rich and differentiated mollusc thanatocoenoses have been found in flood deposits in valleys crossing southern and northern margins of the Beskid Mały Range and its foothills. They are composed of 57 species of land snails and 7 of aquatic molluscs. Composition and structure of thanatocoenoses corresponds with type of environment in the surrounding catchment areas. Snails inhabiting valley bottoms, preferring shadowy or partly shadowy habitats, are the main components. During floods, mollusc shells were transported over a short distance only.

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Mollusc Shell Accumulations in North-Eastern Alpine Rivers and Lakes

Alexandrowicz S.

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Earth Sciences

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2001

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Vol. 49, nr 2

165-175

EN

Rich thanatocoenoses of mollusc shells accumulated in rivers and streams and on lake shores in North Eastern Alps had been sampled by F. Mahler. This collection deposited in the Museum of the Kremsmunster Abbey and supplemented by the author, includes 138 species of snails and bivalves found at 50 localities. Five of them represent the highest class of constancy, however different species are dominant components in particular thanatocoenoses. Death assemblages sampled along courses of two rivers distinctly differ from one another, while malacospectra characteristic of river and stream banks and lake shores are nearly the same. Apparently, the features of thanatocoenoses reflect random distribution of molluscs in a mosaic of mountain habitats, while in the man-impacted area they are controlled mainly by local conditions.