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1

A proposal of a 3D spatial database to support sustainable land use analyses

Cichociński Piotr

GIS Odyssey Journal

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2024

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Vol. 4, no. 1

107--116

EN

Despite the continuous development of geographic information systems (GIS) technology, most spatial datasets used in Poland for spatial planning purposes are still two-dimensional, like the traditional paper maps used previously. This approach makes it difficult, if not impossible, to conduct complex analyses that require three-dimensional (3D) data, for instance the identification of land use elements that could potentially have a positive or negative impact on the perception of an area as developing sustainably. Meanwhile, since 2018, the Polish Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography provides 3D models of buildings, which are a 3D representation of a significant proportion of buildings from the BDOT10k database of topographic objects. Since 2023, this resource has been successively enriched with 3D models of trees over 4 m in height. Therefore, an attempt has been made to investigate whether the available tools (especially those belonging to the free and open source software group) allow the creation of a spatial database to collect and share 3D data on at least buildings and trees. Assuming that the proposed solution is based on a relational database management system (RDBMS), it should allow for adequate efficiency in processing of large data sets. Thanks to built-in mechanisms, typical for spatial databases, it should also be possible to perform advanced spatial analyses in this environment. The applied system should allow data export in common formats and their visualisation. The studies carried out indicate that there are appropriate tools which, if put together in the right way, will make it possible, in particular, to analyse the manifestations of sustainable land use.

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Zastosowanie wolnego oprogramowania i otwartych danych w analizie przestrzennej systemu awaryjnego zaopatrzenia w wodę pitną na przykładzie miasta Cottbus/Chóśebuz (Niemcy)

Klich Magdalena, Cichociński Piotr, Thürmer Konrad

Roczniki Geomatyki

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2022

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T. 20, z. 2(97)

31--42

PL

W Republice Federalnej Niemiec zaopatrzenie w wodę pitną w sytuacjach awaryjnych zapewnia 4800 niezależnych studni rozmieszczonych na terenie całego kraju, z których okoliczni mieszkańcy mogą samodzielnie pobierać wodę. Zakładana maksymalna odległość od miejsca zamieszkania do studni wynosi od 500 do 2000 m. Obszary do zaopatrzenia przez poszczególne studnie awaryjne tradycyjnie wyznaczane są za pomocą zataczania wokół nich okręgów na mapie. W pracy podjęto próbę zbadania na wybranym przykładzie, czy funkcjonalność wolnego oprogramowania GIS oraz dostępne otwarte dane przestrzenne pozwalają na bardziej precyzyjne wskazanie obszarów obsługiwanych przez poszczególne studnie, a w przypadku ich braku, zasugerowanie potencjalnych miejsc dla autocystern. Przeprowadzone analizy potwierdziły postawione na wstępie założenia.

EN

In the Federal Republic of Germany, emergency drinking water supply is provided by 4,800 independent wells distributed throughout the country, from which local residents can draw water on their own. The assumed maximum distance from the residence to the well is 500 to 2,000 meters. Areas to be supplied by individual emergency wells are traditionally delineated by drawing circles around them on a map. The paper attempts to examine, using a selected example, whether the functionality of free GIS software and the available open spatial data allow for a more precise determination of the areas served by individual wells, or, if none is available, to suggest potential locations for tanker trucks. Conducted analyses confirmed the assumptions made at the outset.

3

Fractal analysis of land development elements for spatial planning purposes

Bieda Agnieszka, Adamczyk Tomasz, Bydłosz Jarosław, Cichociński Piotr, Parzych Piotr

GIS Odyssey Journal

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2021

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Vol. 1, no. 1

131--145

EN

Spatial planning is a set of complex processes that aim to determine the correct location of objects in the established area subject to planning procedures. Planning documents, executed at all levels of detail, must consider the current state of land development, both in the area subject to land-use planning procedures and adjacent areas. Hence, the creation of such documents must be preceded by multiple analyses. These considerations should lead to the determination of conditions to be met by future land development elements in such a way as to take into account and use the existing ones. Because land use elements such as river network, road networks, buildings or forest areas are considered examples of random fractals, it was considered that the detection of fractal structures in area subject to land-use planning procedures could facilitate decision-making processes during creation of planning documents on a regional scale. This paper checks if it is possible to mathematically describe the clear chaos that prevails in the existing area subject to land-use planning procedures and if the use of fractal analysis in spatial planning is possible. The research was based on data from the Database of General Geographical Objects and the Bank of Local Data. Analyses were conducted within the borders of provinces.

4

Analysis of the possibility of using archival maps as a source of elevation data

Cichociński Piotr

GIS Odyssey Journal

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2021

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Vol. 1, no. 1

177--188

EN

One of the most popular sources of elevation data covering the most of the Earth's surface with spatial resolution of up to 30 m (1 angular second to be exact) is the SRTM model. This terrain model has two main disadvantages: it covers the area of the Earth between the parallels 54°S and 60°N only, and in some mountainous and desert areas there are gaps (voids) in the data. Additionally, it may not be suitable for more detailed visualization and analysis due to their limited accuracy. Therefore, the paper attempts to find an alternative source of elevation data. One of them may be archival maps, on which the terrain is presented by means of contours. By vectorization of such lines and adding respective attributes they can serve as a base for building digital terrain models. Examples of such maps are maps created in the period before World War II by Polish Military Geographical Institute (WIG). Although newer topographic maps or even more accurate spatial databases exist, it is assumed that as official materials WIG maps were not covered by copyright, so they are in public domain, just like SRTM. Conducted research and literature studies have shown that the issue of using contours extracted from archival topographic maps is not unambiguous. The lack of reproducibility in the results obtained does not allow making clear recommendations on the feasibility of using archival maps. Using a contour drawing as the sole source of elevation data, without any control, should be considered risky. On the other hand, it seems possible to use them as supplementary and perhaps refining material, but only in places where consistency with other data can be observed.

5

A study on the usability of open spatial data for road network-based analysis – using OpenStreetMap as an example

Cichociński Piotr

Geoinformatica Polonica

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2021

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T. 20

89--96

EN

For several years GIS software users could use for any purpose a dataset being to some extent an alternative to both products offered by commercial providers and official databases. It is OpenStreetMap (OSM for short) – a worldwide spatial dataset, created and edited by interested individuals and available for use by anyone with no limitations. It is built on the basis of data recorded with consumer grade GPS receivers, obtained through vectorization of aerial photographs and from other usable sources, including even sketches made in the field. The collected information is stored in a central database, the content of which is not only presented on the website as a digital map, but also offered for download as vector data. Such data can be used for, among other things, performing various analyses based on road networks, of which the most frequently used is the function of determining the optimal route connecting selected locations. The results of such analyses can only be considered reliable if the data used are of adequate quality. As the OSM database is built by enthusiasts, no plans for its systematic development are formulated and there are no built-in quality control mechanisms. Therefore, the paper proposes methods and tools to verify the usefulness of the data collected so far, as well as to correct detected errors. It focuses on the following categories of geographic data quality: location accuracy, topological consistency and temporal validity. In addition, a problem with determining the length of individual road network segments was noticed, related to data acquisition methods and ways of recording the shape of lines. Therefore, in order to carry out the so-called route calibration, it was suggested to use kilometer and hectometer posts used in transportation networks, the locations of which are successively added to the OSM database.

PL

Od kilkunastu już lat użytkownicy oprogramowania GIS mogą używać do dowolnych celów zbioru danych będącego do pewnego stopnia alternatywą zarówno dla produktów oferowanych przez dostawców komercyjnych, jak i urzędowych baz danych. Jest nim OpenStreetMap (w skrócie OSM) – obejmujący cały świat zbiór danych przestrzennych, tworzony i edytowany przez zainteresowane osoby i dostępny do stosowania przez każdego chętnego bez żadnych ograniczeń. Budowany jest na podstawie danych rejestrowanych turystycznymi odbiornikami GPS, pozyskiwanych poprzez wektoryzację zdjęć lotniczych oraz pochodzących z innych nadających się do wykorzystania źródeł, w tym nawet szkiców wykonywanych w terenie. Zgromadzona informacja zapisywana jest w centralnej bazie danych, której zawartość jest nie tylko prezentowana na stronie internetowej w postaci cyfrowej mapy, lecz również oferowana do pobrania jako dane wektorowe. Takie dane mogą mieć zastosowanie między innymi do przeprowadzania różnorodnych analiz bazujących na sieciach drogowych, z których najczęściej wykorzystywana jest funkcja wyznaczania optymalnej trasy łączącej wybrane lokalizacje. Wyniki takich analiz można uznać za wiarygodne tylko wtedy, gdy użyte w nich dane będą się charakteryzować odpowiednią jakością. Ponieważ baza danych OSM budowana jest przez pasjonatów, nie są formułowane żadne plany jej systematycznego rozwoju oraz brak jest wbudowanych mechanizmów kontroli jakości. Dlatego w artykule zaproponowano metody i narzędzia, które pozwolą na weryfikację przydatności zgromadzonych do tej pory danych, jak również na poprawę wykrytych błędów. Skupiono się na następujących kategoriach jakości danych geograficznych: dokładności położenia, spójności topologicznej oraz ważności czasowej. Dodatkowo dostrzeżono problem z wyznaczaniem długości poszczególnych obiektów sieci drogowej, związany z metodami pozyskiwania danych i sposobami rejestracji kształtu linii. W związku z tym do przeprowadzenia tak zwanej kalibracji trasy zasugerowano użycie stosowanych w sieciach transportowych słupków kilometrowych i hektometrowych, których lokalizacje są sukcesywnie wprowadzane do bazy danych OSM.