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Performance of Modified Slow Sand Filter to Reduce Turbidity, Total Suspended Solids, and Iron in River Water as Water Treatment in Disaster Areas

Fitriani Nurina, Wahyudianto Febri Eko, Salsabila Nada Fikna, Mohamed Radin Maya Saphira Radin, Kurniawan Setyo Budi

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 1

1--18

EN

This study aimed to determine the ability to modify slow sand filter (SSF) media with silica sand or Anadara granosa shells on the efficiency of removal of turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), and iron in the water of Kali Jagir Surabaya as an effort to achieve clean water in disaster areas, to obtain the influence of variables, and to optimize the obtained results. The research data was processed using Design Expert 11 Software which factors consisted of media type, filtering speed, and running time, for the responses of removal efficiencies for each parameter. The reactor was operated continuously for 6 days, and samples were analyzed for turbidity parameters based on Indonesian standard (SNI 06-6989.25-2005); TSS and Iron Standard Method 23rd 3500A. In addition, the results of the parameters were processed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to show the significant effect of the variables on the efficiency of the elimination of all parameters. Optimal research was achieved in the SSF reactor unit with silica sand media type and filtering speed of 0.1 m/hour turbidity removal efficiency of 82.07%; TSS 89.5%; and 50.14% iron. However, the reactor that was chosen was the filtering speed of 0.1 m/hour with a flow rate of 22.8 L/day, while the SSF was suitable to be applied in disaster areas, which had a large discharge. Hence, the reactor is suitable for use in water sanitation in disaster areas, namely with a filtering speed of 0.3 m/hour which produces a discharge of 68.4 L/day with variations of sand, geotextile, and silica sand media.

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Optimization of Slow Sand Filtration for the Raw Municipal Wastewater Treatment by Using the Blood Cockle (Anadara granosa) Shell as an Alternative Filter Media through the Response Surface Methodology

Fitriani Nurina, Ni'matuzahroh, O'Marga Timothy Tjahja Nugraha, Radin Mohamed Radin Maya Saphira, Wahyudianto Febri Eko, Imron Muhammad Fauzul, Isnadina Dwi Ratri Mitha, Soedjono Eddy Setiadi

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 6

100--111

EN

This research aimed to investigate the optimum conditions of slow sand filter (SSF) media modification by using ground Anadara granosa shell waste and the effect of the ripening period on the total coliform (TC) removal efficiency. The response surface methodology with the central composite design was conducted with three factors, namely, seeding time (2–3 weeks), running time (0–20 days), type of SSF media (i.e., river sand, A. granosa shell, and their combination), as independent variables. The results showed that the ripening period factor interacted insignificantly by improving the TC removal efficiency due to short ripening time (p > 0.05). The optimum conditions of the SSF to achieve maximum TC removal efficiency (99.70 ± 21.50%) were as follows: combination media of river sand and ground A. granosa shell waste, 2.8 weeks (20 days) of ripening period, and 20 days of operation. In conclusion, the optimum operating parameters of the slow sand filter revealed that the combination of river sand and A. granosa shell as well as prolonged ripening and running times could increase the removal efficiency of TC. Hence, the A. granosa shell has good application potential as filter media to remove TC from the municipal wastewater.

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Kinetics of Pollutants Removal in Wetlands Influenced by Retention Time and Number of Plants Using Cyperus alternifolius

Rahman Danar Arifka, Priambodo Eka Wahyudi, Caturputranto Trisnadi Widyaleksono, Wahyudianto Febri Eko

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 12

37--43

EN

Constructed wetland is considered an alternative for domestic wastewater treatment in cities. This study serves to evaluate the removal capacity and kinetics of TSS, COD, phosphate, and surfactant in domestic wastewater with several plants of Cyperus alternifolius, through the use of the constructed wetlands treatment. The overall objective of the study was to determine the ability of Cyperus alternifolius to remove water pollutants in domestic wastewater in several plants. The domestic wastewater was contacted in a batch system. The results indicated that CWs had a good performance on COD, phosphate, and surfactant with removal efficiencies of more than 80%, with a retention time of 8 days and 5 plants. However, the removal of suspended solids was found limited, as shown that the TSS removal efficiency was under 40%. The first-order equation of kinetics described the degradation of pollutants. The q1/2 values, which were defined as the average removal loading prior to the half of the pollutant concentration being removed and represented the removal capacity without limitation of pollutants concentration, were moderately increased with an addition to the number of plants.

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Kinetics of Phosporus Removal from Laundry Wastewater in Constructed Wetlands with Equisetum hymale

Wahyudianto Febri Eko, Oktavitri Nur Indradewi, Hariyanto Sucipto

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 6

60--65

EN

The objective of this study was to determine the capacity, process, and kinetics of phosphorus (PO4-P) nutrients pollutant removal in constructed wetlands with Equisetum hymale plants. This research was conducted by using a batch system constructed wetlands with detention time variation of 1–5 days and using gravel, sand, and soil as the media. The laundry wastewater used for this research was collected from commercial activity in Surabaya city. The results of this research showed that the removal efficiency of PO4-P using the constructed wetlands with Equisetum hymale was between the range of 95.49–99.43%. The removal process was done by screening-adsorption, and the sedimentation mechanisms from the media, and the biosorpsion by the plants was shown by the increasing content of PO4-P in soil and plants, which amounted to 14.80% and 9.23% respectively. The removal kinetics of PO4-P was according to the second-order model with value of R2 = 0.99.

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Application of Equisetum hyemale in Constructed Wetland: Influence of Wastewater Dilution and Contact Time

Wahyudianto Febri Eko, Oktavitri Nur Indradewi, Hariyanto Sucipto, Maulidia Dhila Nur

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 1

174--179

EN

In the present study, the systematic approach to evaluate potency of Equisetum hyemale in constructed wetland, bio-degradation and adsorption of TSS, COD, phosphate, and LAS were described. The overall objective of the study was to determine the ability of Equisetum hyemale to remove pollutants in laundry waste water in several percentage of dilution and contact time. This research used 4 groups of Equisetum hyemale in each reactor. Equisetum hyemale was planted in the richest nutrient of soil. The laundry waste water was contacted in batch system. The Equisetum hyemale removed TSS, COD, Phosphate, LAS until 90% in variation of waste water dilution after 2 days of contact. Equisetum hyemale showed best performance in 100% of laundry waste water. It was observed that 4 days of contact time were optimal for removing pollutants in laundry waste water. The Equisetum hyemale removed TSS, COD, Phosphate, LAS up to 90% in variation of contact time.