Jedną z unikalnych i dobrze znanych cech bezrdzeniowego pieca indukcyjnego jest wyraźny ruch kąpieli metalowej, spowodowany występującymi siłami elektromagnetycznymi. Ruch ten zależy głównie od mocy pieca i częstotliwości pracy i decyduje o dobrej homogeniczności kąpieli metalowej w odniesieniu do jej składu chemicznego i rozkładu temperatury. Z drugiej strony właściwość ta jest szeroko wykorzystywana do mieszania w tyglu drobnego wsadu jak wióry, ścinki czy granulat. Ten typ operacji można dodatkowo zoptymalizować i dostosować do konkretnych wymagań. Po pierwsze, wybierając opcję wieloczęstotliwościową (ang. Multifrequency), w celu zapewnienia optymalnego działania mieszania na wszystkich etapach cyklu topienia, piec może pracować na różnych częstotliwościach w zależności od poziomu napełnienia tygla. Po drugie, technologia skupiania mocy pozwala skoncentrować moc pieca w określonych obszarach cewki indukcyjnej, na przykład na dnie cewki, aby zwiększyć moc pieca przy częściowo wypełnionym piecu. Przeniesienie mocy na górną część cewki poprawia ruch kąpieli powierzchniowej dla lepszego działania mieszania na końcu cyklu topienia.
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One unique and well known feature of the coreless induction furnace is its pronounced metal bath movement, caused by the electromagnetic forces present. This bath movement, basically depending on the furnace power and operating frequency, is the reason for the good homogeneity of the melt regarding composition and temperature delivered by such furnace type. On the other hand, this feature is widely used for stirring fine sized metallic scrap into the melt, e.g. chips, swarf, granulates. This type of operation can be further optimized and tailored to the specific requirements by employing some new special circuits. Firstly, by choosing the multi-frequency option, the furnace can be operated at different frequencies, depending on the filling level for example, in order to provide optimum stirring action at all stages of the melt cycle. Secondly, the power focus technology allows to concentrate the furnace power on specific regions of the induction coil, for example on the bottom of the coil to increase the furnace power with a partially filled furnace. Shifting the power to the top of the coil improves surface bath movement for improved stirring action at the end of the melt cycle.
The first step towards condition based maintenance of the milling plant is the implementation of on- line condition monitoring of the mill. The following paper pr esents and analyses methods of monitoring the key performance factors of a vertical spindle mill that is suited for implementation on older power stations, i.e. the quantity (mass flow rate) and quality (particle fineness) of the pulverised fuel produced by the mill. It is shown herein that the mill throughput can be monitored on-line using a simple mill energy balance that successfully predicts the coal the roughput within 2.33% as compared to a calibrated coal feeder. A sensitivity analysis reveals that the coal moisture is a critical measurement for this method to be adopted as an on-line mass flow monitoring tool. A laser based particle size analyser tool was tested for use in the power plant environment as an on-line monitoring solution to measure pulverised fuel fineness. It was revealed that several factors around the set-up and operation of the instrument have an influence on the perceived results. Although the instrument showed good precision and repeatability of results, these factors must be taken into account in order to improve the accuracy of the reported results before the instrument can be commissioned as an on-line monitoring solution.
To minimize oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emission, maximize boiler combustion efficiency, achieve safe and reliable burner combustion, it is crucial to master global boiler and at-the-burner control of fuel and air flows. Non-uniform pulverized fuel (PF) and air flows to burners reduce flame stability and pose risk to boiler safety by risk of reverse flue gas and fuel flow into burners. This paper presents integrated techniques implemented at pilot ESKOM power plants for the determination of global boiler air/flue gas distribution, wind-box air distribution and measures for making uniform the flow being delivered to burners within a wind-box system. This is achieved by Process Flow Modelling, at-the-burner static pressure measurements and CFD characterization. Global boiler mass and energy balances combined with validated site measurements are used in an integrated approach to calculate the total (stoichiometric + excess) air mass flow rate required to burn the coal quality being fired, determine the actual quantity of air that flows through the burners and the furnace ingress air. CFD analysis and use of at-the-burner static, total pressure and temperature measurements are utilized in a 2-pronged approach to determine root-causes for burner fires and to evaluate secondary air distribution between burners.
Boiler combustion air is generally controlled by the excess air content measured at the boiler economiser outlet using oxygen (O2) analysers. Due to duct geometry and dimensions, areas of high and low O2 concentrations in the flue gas duct occur, which poses a problem in obtaining a representative measurement of O2 in the flue gas stream. Multipoint systems as opposed to single point systems are more favourable to achieve representative readings. However, ash blockages and air leakages influence the accuracy of O2 measurement. The design of multipoint system varies across ESKOMs’ Power Stations. This research was aimed at evaluating the accuracy of the multipoint oxygen measurement system installed at Power Station A and to determine the systematic errors associated with different multipoint systems designs installed at Power Stations' A and B. Using flow simulation software, FloEFDTM and Flownex®, studies were conducted on two types of multipoint system designs This study established that significantly large errors, as high as 50%, were noted between the actual and measured flue gas O2. The design of the multipoint system extraction pipes also introduces sigdnificant errors, as high as 23%, in the O2 measured. The results indicated that the sampling errors intro- introduced with Lethabo's system can be significantly reduced by adopting the sampling pipe design installed at Camden.
Konkurencyjność na rynku odlewów stawia przed producentami coraz większe wymagania. Wprowadzenie nowych technologii wiąże się z nowymi inwestycjami, które chociaż kosztowne stają się opłacalne. Odlewnie Polskie S.A. uruchomiły nową topialnię, zbudowaną i wyposażoną przez firmę Otto Junker GmbH, znanego wytwórcę jednostek topialnych, co gwarantuje nie tylko wzrost wydajności odlewni, lecz także wysoką jakość produkowanych odlewów.
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Competitiveness on the casting market makes on the producers heavier and heavier demands. Introduction of new technologies is connected with new investments, which are rentable although expensive. The firm Odlewnie Polskie S.A. have set in motion a new melting shop, built and equipped by the firm Otto Junker GmbH, a known producer of melting furnaces; this guarantees not only the increase of the foundry efficiency but also the improving of casting quality.Kon
Złom gorszej jakości, np. zardzewiały złom używany lub ocynkowany złom stalowy (w postaci odpadów blachy karoseryjnej) nożna stosować bezproblemowo w procesach wytapiania żeliwa w indukcyjnych piecach tyglowych o wysokiej mocy. Należy jednak zwrócić uwagę na to, że załadowywanie oraz eksploatacja pieca muszą być dostosowane do sposobu topienia się danego złomu. Od strony pieca decydującą rolę odgrywa tutaj ruch kąpieli, przede wszystkim, jeśli chodzi o usunięcie z niej gazów przy szybkim topieniu. Istotna jest świadomość tego, że konstrukcja pieca i technologia wytapiania w nim żeliwa powinny być optymalnie zaplanowane z uwzględnieniem wymagań takich gatunków złomu. Dotyczy to geometrii pieca pod względem wysokości cewki oraz wysokości kąpieli względem wysokości cewki. Moc i częstotliwość muszą być poza tym dopasowane do ruchu kąpieli, optymalnego dla założonego zadania metalurgicznego. Przy stosowaniu ocynkowanego złomu należy poświęcić szczególną uwagę na kolejność załadowywania poszczególnych składników wsadu oraz zaplanowanie odpylania.
EN
The scrap of critical quality , e.g. rusty used scrap or galvanized steel scrap (in the form of the car body sheets) can be without problems used when melting cast iron in the crucible induction great power furnaces. But the attention shall be payed to the fact that the charging and operation of the furnace must be matched to the melting way of the given scrap. From the furnace side decisive is here the bath motion because of the need of gases elimination from it by he rapid melting. The construction of the furnace and the technology of melting in it shall be optimally designed taking into account the requirements of such a scrap. This concerns the furnace geometry from the point of view of the coil height and the bath level as regards the coil height. The power and frequency must be, besides, matched to the bath motion, optimal for the assumed metallurgical task. By using the galvanized scrap special attention must be payed to the charging sequence of the charge components as well as to the effective dust removal installation.
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