The paper presents a comparative analysis of two documents forming the political basis for the concept of civil-military cooperation (CIMIC) in the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, namely NATO Military Policy on Civil-Military Cooperation (CIMIC) and Civil-Military Interaction (CMI) no. MC 0411/2, approved on 5 May 2014, and its predecessor entitled NATO Military Policy on Civil-Military Co-operation (CIMIC) no. MC 0411/1, published on 6 July 2001. The analysis of the structure of both documents, their substance and thematic scope as well as their origin and background made it possible to identify the principal directions in the transformation of the CIMIC concept since its beginnings and to present its new elements, mainly the issue of civil-military interaction. The article discusses also the further anticipated directions of changes arising from the assumptions of the new NATO policy for CIMIC and CMI and the progress made so far in operationalising the strategic assumptions contained in MC 0411/2, including in particular the works on a new NATO doctrine concerning CIMIC and CMI.
The present text addresses the relationship between democratically and legally elected state authorities and the armed forces, which are one of instruments of governance at the state level. Through the analysis of the concepts of “apoliticism”, “subjectivity” and “objectivity” of the military in relation to state institutions, the author concludes the institutional dimension of the civilian democratic control over the armed forces, then enriching it with a non-institutional context. This allows to finally capture the essence and functional characteristics of the multidimensional phenomena, namely the civilian, democratic control over the armed forces in today's state.
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Agent paradigm is becoming more and more popular in design of complex multi-robot systems. Similarities between features attributed to robots and agents lead to defining an agent as a single robot control program or even calling a robot an "embodied agents". This approach can cause serious issues concerning scalability, extensibility and performance of large-scale multirobot systems. In this paper a different approach to design and implementation of software systems managing mobile robots is presented. It is based on the logical separation of a hardware robot and a software agent. The paper focuses on improvements in system performance achieved by using the approach. Three exemplary applications are described and experimental results are provided.
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Przedstawiono jeden z pierwszych przykładów zastosowania W Europie nowoczesnej technologii wgłębnego mieszania gruntu na mokro (wet Deep Mixing Metod) w celu posadowienia budynku basenu na uwarstwionym podłożu zawierającym grunt organiczny. Techologia "wet DMM", wprowadzona w Polsce przez firmę Keller, polega na mechanicznym mieszaniu in situ gruntu z zaczynem cementowym i pozwala na formowanie kolumn z cementogruntu w układzie dostosowanym do wymagań statycznych. Ponadto zastosowano iniekcję strumieniową (jet grouting) do podchwycenia starych fundamentów oraz posadzki w części budynku posadowionej pierwotnie w sposób bezpośredni.
EN
Presented is one of the first applications in Europe of a modern ground improvement technology, called wet Deep Mixing Method, for foundation of a swimming pool building on stratified subsoil containing organic layer. The DMM technology was introduced in Poland by the Keller Company. In this method of ground improvement existing soils are mixed in-situ with cement slurry to form columns of stabilised soil, which can be arranged according to design requirements. The cemented soil material that is produced generally has a higher strength, lower permeability and lower compressibility than the native soil. Besides DMM, also jet grouting was applied for underpinning of old foundations and the floor in a part of the building initially founded directly on the surface ground.
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