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Environmental Impact of Waste to Energy Scenario in Developing Country, Case Study of Makassar, Indonesia

Muis Ramdiana, Rachman Indriyani, Matsumoto Toru

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 10

62--75

EN

The waste management issue in developing countries, particularly in Indonesia, remains uncontrolled and is urgent to address. This problem is significantly tied to the issue of resource scarcity and global climate change. Various policies have been formulated, both globally and nationally, to resolve this issue. Makassar City is one of the cities the government should target to achieve the goal of converting waste into energy by 2025. This study focuses on the environmental impact of various scenarios on waste-to-energy potential using life cycle assessment (LCA) in Makassar City. The waste management strategy in this study uses five scenarios, comparing incinerators generating electricity, landfills with gas, and composting. The results showed that scenario 5, which has a low environmental impact, consists of 10% composting, 45% incineration, and 45% landfill gas (LFG). Incineration can reduce 45% of solid waste disposal (SWD) and produce 1.45 E + 08 kg/year of CO2 emissions. The waste-to-energy (WtE) scenario model significantly reduces the environmental impact, especially the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. The role of incinerators in the environment is not only to reduce the volume of SWD per year but also to provide a new source of energy. The LFG collector plays a crucial role in reducing the concentration of CH4 in the atmosphere due to its facility for capturing CH4 gas.

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Object Detection of Macroplastic Waste Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Urban Canal

Anggraini Nani, Tawakkal Irfan, Rachman Indriyani, Matsumoto Toru

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 8

271--284

EN

Macroplastics are a global threat to the aquatic environment and will degrade into microplastics over time. Its presence in canal causes pollution and inhibits water flow, causing flooding in urban areas; therefore, it is essential to identify and monitor its presence. Addressing knowledge gaps is critical in determining solutions for mitigation purposes. In visual object detection studies, aerial mapping is developed with advanced technology, such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). This research aims to conduct aerial mapping experiments to find the right formula or technical reference for detecting macroplastic waste objects floating on the surface of the canal, including flight altitude, exposure to sunlight, and the influence of season on object detection. Aerial mapping will be done in densely populated urban canals in Southeast Asia, Indonesia, and Makassar City. The aerial mapping survey method will be used, and then the data will be processed in the digitization process and object detection with GIS. The analysis kernel in GIS tools will be used to see the distribution density of macroplastics. The research results show that autoblock occurs at heights of 5m and 10m, but this autoblock can be minimized at a flight height of 15 m. Apart from that, height also affects flight duration. The lower flying height will result in better visual accuracy and better resolution. However, at a height of 15m, macroplastic objects were still detected on a moderate scale. This research successfully distinguished various plastic waste materials, the most found being the soft polyolefin category in plastic bags. Monitoring results detected 321 items of macroplastics in the dry season and 1,163 in the rainy season, or a threefold increase with conditions spread thinly in the dry season. In the rainy season, they gather densely on one side of the canal.

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Investigating the Potential of Landfilled Plastic Waste – A Case Study of Makassar Landfill, Eastern Indonesia

Muis Ramdiana, Al Fariz Reza Darma, Yunus Sattar, Tasrief Robertho, Rachman Indriyani, Matsumoto Toru

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 3

185--196

EN

Society’s demands for plastic materials continue to increase, but their impact on the environment cannot be denied due to the long decomposition periods. The destination for plastic waste is mostly in landfills. In the case of Indonesia, the Makassar landfill, the largest landfill in the eastern region of Indonesia, has exceeded its capacity and is currently mixed and buried without treatment (open dumping). The main aim of this study is to identify potential plastic waste buried in the landfill. Sampling was conducted at three landfill locations: location 1 is a non-active landfill zone that is no longer used, and locations 2 and 3 are active landfill zones that are still in operational use. The sampling method uses a Hydraulic Rotary Drilling Spindle, with a drilling depth of 0–18 meters for location 1, 0–17 meters for location 2, and 0–13 meters for location 3. The research results show that at location 1, plastic waste contributes to approximately 31% of the total waste in this old landfill zone, including plastic bags and beverage bottles. Meanwhile, at location 2, approximately 22% of plastic waste was found, and at location 3, about 14%. Testing the calorific value of plastic waste gave an average of 29,862 MJ/ton. The plastic waste found in these landfills has the potential to be recycled but requires intensive cleaning processes. Furthermore, this plastic waste can also be utilized as an energy source due to its relatively high calorific value.

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Estimating and Mapping Potential Littering into Canal in Catchment Areas

Anggraini Nani, Tawakkal Irfan, Rachman Indriyani, Matsumoto Toru

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 9

202--214

EN

Waste mismanagement occurs in the canal catchment area due to uneven waste transportation services, allowing waste to leak into the canal. This research aims to identify catchment areas of the canal with the potential for waste mismanagement, estimate the amount of waste that could enter the channels and compare the results with the density of floating waste above the channel. The research method involves spatial analysis using GIS, incorporating various variables such as land use, building data for population and waste generation calculations, road network data for channel access, and service area data for garbage truck transportation. Next, we conduct an overlay analysis to create a zone map of potential littering areas in the channel, accompanied by an estimate of the waste amount. Furthermore, we used aerial mapping with a UAV as comparative data to monitor the density of floating waste. The results indicate that approximately 296 hectares of land, a potential zone for waste disposal into canals, generate 161,750 litres daily, accounting for 33% of the total waste generation in the water catchment area. This research successfully detected the density of floating waste at the top of the canal, particularly in four areas of the potential zone: Sambung Jawa Ward, Bontorannu Ward, Balang Baru Ward, and Pa’baengbaeng Ward, proves that there is mismanagement of waste on land. This situation demonstrates the need to address waste mismanagement by examining regional zones with access to a waste bank as an alternative solution.

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Dynamic Vehicle Age-Based Cohort Model to Estimate the Emission from the Transportation Sector in Jakarta

Gidarjati Merita, Matsumoto Toru

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 4

92--103

EN

Jakarta had a congestion level of 53% in 2019, ranking 10th among the most traffic jams globally. Therefore, the transportation sector is the largest contributor to air pollution in the special area of the capital city Jakarta (DKI Jakarta). In this study, a vehicle age cohort was analyzed using dynamic models. Several factors, such as emission standards, vehicle speed, as well as fuel quality and type, were included to drive the models. The emission inventory for air pollutants, such as carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx ), and particulate matter (PM10) can be calculated using this model. The results showed that motorbikes were the major contributor to the increase in the four pollutants in DKI Jakarta from 2007 to 2018 and will still be a significant contributor until 2040. In 2018, the major contributors to CO, HC, NO, and PM10 were motorbikes (52.7%), motorbikes (79.6%), buses (63.9%), and motorbikes (74.7%), respectively. It is predicted that in 2040, using the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario, motorbikes will also be the primary contributors of air pollutants (CO, HC, and PM) 70.2%, 91.4%, and 82.9%, respectively. Diesel passenger cars will become a lesser contributor to air pollutants than all vehicles from 2018 to 2040 in DKI Jakarta.

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A Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Illegal Waste Disposal Site Activities at National Strategic Area in Developing Country – Deli Serdang Regency, Indonesia

Al Fariz Reza Darma, Rachman Indriyani, Matsumoto Toru

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 9

231--242

EN

Illegal waste disposal site (IWDS) have become a chronic and severe environmental issue worldwide. Monitoring of IWDS is a central environmental issue in both developed and developing countries. The main aim of this study is to analyze changes in the shape and size of the IWDS over a period of time and to evaluate problems related to IWDS activities. This study also aims to determine the spatial and temporal pattern distribution of IWDS activities based on land use by combining time-series analysis from 2021 to 2023 using historical satellite imagery and ArcGIS. The results show an increase in IWDS locations in Deli Serdang from 98 in 2021 to 112 in 2022 and 120 in 2023. The total area IWDS in Deli Serdang also rose from 115,138.1971 m2 in 2021 to 164,194.87 m2 in 2023. Plantation/estate areas consistently recorded the highest number of IWDS incidents each year. The result shows that the trend highlights the tendency for IWDS to occur in natural vegetation-rich environments, which effectively hides these activities and complicates detection and access efforts.