Time–frequency analysis technology is widely used in non-stationary seismic data analysis. The energy concentration of the spectrum depends on the consistency of the kernel function of the time–frequency analysis method and the instantaneous frequency variation of the signals. The conventional time–frequency analysis methods usually require that the local instantaneous frequency of the signals remains unchanged or linearly changed. So it is difcult to accurately characterize the instantaneous frequency nonlinear variation of the non-stationary signal. The local polynomial Fourier transform (LPFT) method can efectively describe the instantaneous frequency variation by local high-order polynomial ftting and obtain the results with high spectral and energy concentration. The numerical simulations and feld seismic data applications show that the time–frequency spectrum results obtained by LPFT can refect the instantaneous frequency variation characteristics of the seismic data, while ensuring the concentration of time–frequency energy.
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As one of the evaluation characteristics of shale sweet spots, the brittleness index (BI) of shale formations is of great sig nifcance in predicting the range of sweet spots, and guiding hydraulic fracturing. Based on the three elastic parameters of P-wave velocity (VP), S-wave velocity (VS) and density obtained by conventional prestack AVO inversion, BI can be calcu lated indirectly using the Rickman formula. However, the conventional AVO inversion based on Zoeppritz approximation assumes that incident angle is small and elastic parameters change slowly, which afects the inversion accuracy of the three elastic parameters. Additionally, using these three elastic parameters to obtain BI indirectly also leads to cumulative errors of the inversion results. Therefore, we propose an inversion method based on BI_Zoeppritz equation to directly estimate VP, VS and BI. The BI_Zoeppritz equation is an exact Zoeppritz equation for BI, which is used as the forward operator for the proposed method. The multi-objective function of the inversion method is optimized by a fast nondominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA II). An initial model and an optimized search window are used to improve the inversion accuracy. The test results of model data and actual data reveal that this method can directly obtain the BI with high precision. In addition, the stability and noise immunity of the proposed method are verifed by the seismic data with random noise.
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