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PL
Hodowla zwierząt gospodarskich oprócz licznych korzyści niesie ze sobą szereg negatywnych skutków dla środowiska naturalnego, w tym emisję zanieczyszczeń, m.in. zapachowych, do powietrza atmosferycznego. Celem pracy była charakterystyka metod stosowanych w ocenie emisji odorów obiektów hodowlanych oraz analiza standardów odorowych stosowanych w światowych przepisach prawnych. Z przeprowadzonych analiz wynika iż w systemie prawnym krajów europejskich stosuje się standardy odorowe wyrażane w europejskich jednostkach zapachowych na określoną jednostkę czasu przypadającą na stanowisko dla jednego zwierzęcia (ouE/s/stanowisko dla zwierzęcia). Analiza wykonanych pomiarów stężenia zapachowego i obliczeń wskaźników emisji odorów przeprowadzonych dla ferm drobiu (indyków i brojlerów), fermy trzody chlewnej i fermy zwierząt futerkowych wykazała najwyższe wartości emisji odorów dla fermy trzody chlewnej oraz najwyższe obliczone wskaźniki emisji odorów dla warchlaków oraz macior, co jest zgodne z wartościami wskaźników emisji odorów sugerowanymi przez UE.
EN
Livestock farming, in addition to numerous benefits, has a number of negative effects on the environment, including the emissions of pollutants, incl. odorants, to atmospheric air. The purpose of the work was to characterize the methods used in assessing the emission of odours from breeding facilities and to analyze the odor standards used in the global legal regulations. The values of odour concentrations measured in livestock buildings and the emission values estimated on the basis of emission factors for various types of livestock farming are presented in the paper. The analyses show that the legal system of European countries applies odour standards expressed in European odour units for a specific unit of time per one animal position (ouE/s/animal place). The analysis of odour concentration measurements and calculations of odour emission factors carried out for poultry farms (turkeys and broilers), pig farms and fur farms showed the highest values of odour emissions for a swine farm and the highest calculated odour emission rates for weaners and sows, which is in line with the values of odor emission indicators suggested by the EU.
EN
A widely used method for reducing odor emissions into the air at municipal waste plants is biofiltration. This method allows obtaining high gaseous pollutant removal efficiency at relatively low investment and operating costs. Evaluating the efficiency of a biofilter using dynamic olfactometry is a very useful tool because it allows determining the degree of total deodorization efficiency. Determining the concentrations of individual pollutants does not always give an overall assessment of the degree of olfactory pollution by the gases being emitted, and at the same may not be sufficient in the case of evaluating the efficiency of a deodorization installation. The paper presents the results of the evaluation of biofilter efficiency performed based on olfactometric determinations. The measurements were conducted for biofilter-treated gases emitted from various sources within four municipal waste processing plants. Obtained results indicated the biofiltration efficiency between 60.8 and 97.2% and showed that after the filter bed replacing (organic instead of mineral bed) deodorization efficiency significantly increased. An important aspect of the overall evaluation was the evaluation of odor hedonic quality, due to the frequently intense natural odor of the biofilter bed itself.
EN
Biotechnological processes are widely used in environmental engineering. However, a common problem associated with the biological method relating to the removal of certain pollutants from the environment is low solubility in water, which significantly limits the possibility of their biodegradation or washing. Therefore, a growing interest in the application of surfactants, for instance, for the remediation of soil, is observed. Surfactants can significantly influence the removal of pollutants from the environment. Not only do they increase the solubility of hydrophobic compounds, but also aid in their leaching and increase their bioavailability. Moreover, the use of surfactants by leaching of pollutants is relatively cheap compared to the extraction with organic solvents. As in the case of bioremediation of soil, the use of surfactants could potentially affect the growth of the removal efficiency of hydrophobic pollutants from combustion gases by increasing their bioavailability. This paper presents the results of preliminary laboratory studies using β cyclodextrin in purifying of air contaminated by toluene vapors by biofiltration. In the assumed concentrations (1, 2, 3 g/dm3) the positive effect of cyclodextrin on toluene biofiltration was not observed.
PL
Usuwanie niektórych zanieczyszczeń organicznych ze środowiska może być utrudnione ze względu na ich słabą rozpuszczalność w wodzie i dużą prężność par. Szczególnie są to czynniki ograniczające zastosowanie metod biologicznych w remediacji, ponieważ wpływają na biodostępność ksenobiotyków. Z tego względu prowadzone są badania nad zastosowaniem związków powierzchniowo czynnych, które wpływają na zwiększenie rozpuszczalności związków hydrofobowych. Przedstawiono wyniki badań laboratoryjnych nad zastosowaniem Tritonu X-100 w oczyszczaniu powietrza zanieczyszczonego parami toluenu metodą biofiltracji. W badanym zakresie stężeń surfaktantu (200–400 mg/dm3) zaobserwowano poprawę skuteczności oczyszczania w stosunku do serii kontrolnej (bez surfaktantu).
EN
PhMe-contg. air (up to 35 g/m3) was biofiltered through a mineral nutrient-covered coconut fibre bed under lab. conditions to remove the PhMe pollutant. The addn. of a com. nonionic surfactant to the bed at a concn. above the crit. micelle concn. (200–400 mg/L) resulted in increase in the biofiltration efficiency and bacteria content in the bed.
EN
The methods used to the identification of odour concentrations from public utility objects, under Polish legal regulations have been presented with exemplary results of measurements by the dynamic olfactometry and model calculations. The results of the study indicate the usefulness of the dynamic olfactometry in determining odour concentrations (from point and area emission sources located in public utility objects) suitable in odour emissions calculations. Based on results of such calculations, it is possible to determine odour concentrations in the receptor points and to evaluate olfactory impact range of considered objects, taking into account all types of odour sources affecting the quality of air in the area under study. Selected methods – as an alternative to field research: measurements in the grid and in the plume – can be less time and cost consuming but also require careful planning the number of samples and proper selection of representative sampling areas, especially in the case of the area sources.
EN
Odour emission from Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP) is a common cause of odour nuisance to neighbouring areas and passive area sources such as primary clarifiers or sludge thickeners are the main objects contributing to odour nuisance of WWTP. Due to the peculiar character of those sources, odour emission from them can vary significantly depending on number of factors such as pH, temperature of sewage, wind velocity, BOD or COD load. Because of that, while estimating odour impact range of passive area sources by dispersion modelling it must be taken into consideration when odour emission data has been collected. This paper focuses on determining odour impact range of WWTP primary clarifiers for two various emission cases – maximum and minimum emission determined during 7 months of study. Maximum emission was observed during summer (August) and minimum one in winter season (February).The analysed object was mechanical biological wastewater treatment with full sludge treatment designed to collect sewage from one of the major polish cities.Collection of odour samples was carried out in accordance with the methodology described in VDI 3880 and PN-EN 13725. Odour concentration measurement was made using the method of dynamic olfactometry, in accordance with the procedures described in EN: 13725 "Air Quality. Determination of odour concentration by dynamic olfactometry”. For selected emission sources model calculations were conducted using Gasussian dispersion model for neighboring areas, which are exceptionally exposed to odours. Calculations showed big differences in odor impact range for two analysed emission scenarios – odour impact range calculated using emission data from August is almost two times greater than for calculations using emission data from February.
8
Content available remote Emisja odorów z procesów kompostowania odpadów komunalnych
PL
Przedstawiono zagadnienia związane z emisją odorów z obiektów gospodarki odpadami komunalnymi. Omówiono zastosowanie biofiltracji w oczyszczaniu gazów emitowanych z procesów kompostowania odpadów. Przedstawiono również wyniki badań doświadczalnych usuwania związków zapachowych z gazów emitowanych z kompostowni. Z analizy wyników badań stwierdzono zasadność stosowania biofiltracji jako metody dezodoryzacji gazów oraz brak uciążliwości zapachowej poza obszarem badanego zakładu.
EN
Emission of odors from communal waste treatment plant was studied by olfactometry. No noxiousness of odors outside the plant was obsd. A review, with 31 refs., of odor emission from composting waste and odor removal by biofiltration was also given.
9
Content available remote Badanie emisji odorów z obiektu przemysłowego
PL
Przedstawiono obliczenia dotyczące rozprzestrzeniania się zapachów w atmosferze w pobliżu wytwórni produktów agrochemicznych z zastosowaniem polskiego modelu referencyjnego. Na podstawie otrzymanych wyników i określonych w projekcie Ustawy o przeciwdziałaniu uciążliwości zapachowej dopuszczalnych wartości stężeń zapachowych i częstości przekroczeń obliczono wymagany poziom redukcji emisji odorów oraz ustalono dopuszczalną jej wartość. Zaproponowano również możliwości ograniczenia emisji odorów w odniesieniu do wybranego obiektu.
EN
Emissions of baked bread, noodle and EtOH smells from plants for prodn. of gluten, glucose and fructose syrups and EtOH for techn. purposes were detd. by olfactometry. Odour distribution models were developed and used for establishing the odour nuisance. Narrow range of EtOH smell impact was evidenced. The baked bread and noodle smells may be removed by thermal or catalytic combustion near to the emitors.
PL
Stosowanie biomasy do produkcji energii elektrycznej i cieplnej jest ważnym narzędziem do walki ze zmianami klimatycznymi. Umożliwia również zwiększenie bezpieczeństwa energetycznego. Wśród różnych celów, które postawiła sobie Miejska Energetyka Cieplna w Koszalinie jest również dywersyfikacja paliw.Korzyści wynikające ze współspalania biomasy są następujące: niskie koszty inwestycyjne przystosowania kotła do współspalania biomasy, niewielka zmiana parametrów kotła przy niskim udziale cieplnym biomasy, wykorzystanie istniejącej infrastruktury i urządzeń, okresowe fluktuacje biomasy mogą być rekompensowane zmianą udziałubiomasy do węgla,możliwość użycia dużej ilości biomasy pozwalającej na istotną redukcję CO2. Wykorzystanie biomasy zawierającej składniki palne w procesie spalania jest znaną i stosowaną technologią. Ze względu na różnorodność surowców zaliczanych do biomasy, zakres jej wykorzystania jest szeroki. Z punktu widzenia kosztów transportu trzeba podkreślić możliwość wykorzystania surowca produkowanego w niewielkiej odległości od miejsca jego spalania [3, 4, 5].
EN
The paper presents results of research conducted from January to October 2008, of the following technological parameters: calorific value, content of moisture, content of sulphur, ash, of biomass and fine coal. Results of co-burning of biomass and fine coal in the industrial grate boiler WR-10 of Koszalin Heating Plant were introduced. Investigations consisted of: elaboration of co-burning technology of biomassand waste with fine coal in grid boilers, determination of the most favourable part of biomass for the sake of energetic efficiency and kind of biomass mixed with fine coal. Exploitation investigations were conducted according to following plan: examinations of physic-chemical and energetic parameters of biomass and fine coal, examinationsof energetic characteristics of boiler during co-burning. All examinations were conducted under conditions of current exploitation of boiler. Co-burning of fine coal with biomass part of 25% allows to maintain boiler efficiency at the level of 80% at average calorific value of biomass 12 MJ/kg and average calorific value of fine coal 22,5 MJ/kg. SO2 emission decreases during co-burning of biomass and fine coal due to very small content of sulphur in biomass. Deposition on heating surface of the boiler was not bigger and quicker during co-burning than in the case of alone fine coal burning. Than it may be stated, that additives (precluding deposition on boiler's heating surface) used with fine coal are also effective in the case of biomass co-burning. Obvious drop of calorific value of fine coal and biomass mixture is unfavourable, because boilers are designer for specific given calorific value of fuel used in them. So the calorific value of the fuel is a very important issue. Taking into consideration political situation in Poland and in the World in the aspect of diversification of classic fuels supply, every idea which creates an alternative to classic fuel should be deeply considered [7]. It seems to be purposeful to undertake industrial examinations on application of alternative fuels produced from wastes, such as plastics, rubber, segregated municipal wastes, etc., for co-burning with coal. Application of co-burning process in Rother boilers of Koszalin Heat Generating Company has been planned.
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