Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Comparison of the Classical Algorithm with the Training Algorithm in Scheduling Problem ADI Production

Wilk-Kołodziejczyk D., Chrzan K., Jaśkowiec K., Pirowski Z., Żuczek R., Bitka A., Machulec D.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 22, iss. 1

5--12

EN

A classical algorithm Tabu Search was compared with Q Learning (named learning) with regards to the scheduling problems in the Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) manufacturing process. The first part comprised of a review of the literature concerning scheduling problems, machine learning and the ADI manufacturing process. Based on this, a simplified scheme of ADI production line was created, which a scheduling problem was described for. Moreover, a classic and training algorithm that is best suited to solve this scheduling problem was selected. In the second part, was made an implementation of chosen algorithms in Python programming language and the results were discussed. The most optimal algorithm to solve this problem was identified. In the end, all tests and their results for this project were presented.

2

Selection of materials and development of technology for the production of elements used in conditions of extreme tribological wear

Wilk-Kołodziejczyk D., Pirowski Z., Grudzień-Rakoczy M., Bitka A., Chrzan K.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 21, iss. 4

47--54

EN

Work was done as a part of the project " New generation haulage system of highly productive longwall systems" aiming to develop and implement a new longwall shearer system called KOMTRACK. The widely used EICOTRACK feed system developed forty years ago is not adapted to modern longwall shearers' power. Within the project, an innovative, flexible feed system with a modular structure was created with the possibility of continuous adjustment to the carbon wall's unevenness. Newly-developed three cast steels variants have been initially selected to fabricate this system's elements. The material's final selection was realized based on the tensile tests, Charpy impact tests, Brinell hardness surveys, and wear resistance measurements. Results analysis allowed to select cast steel marked as "2", which fulfilled all requirements and was used in further casting trials.

3

Development of an Approximation Model of Selected Properties of Model Materials Used for Simulations of Bulk Metal Plastic Forming Processes Using Induction of Decision Trees

Hawryluk M., Wilk-Kołodziejczyk D., Regulski K., Głowacki M.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2019

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Vol. 64, iss. 3

1073--1085

EN

The article discusses the development of an approximation model of selected plastic and mechanical properties obtained from compression tests of model materials used in physical modeling. The use of physical modeling with the use of soft model materials such as a synthetic wax branch with various modifiers is a popular tool used as an alternative or verification of numerical modeling of bulk metal forming processes. In order to develop an algorithm to facilitate the choice of material model to simulate the behavior of real-metallic materials used in industrial production processes the induction of decision trees was used. First of all, the Statistica program was used for data mining, which made it possible to determine / find the relationship between the percentage of particular constituents of the model material (base material and modifiers) and yield strength, critical and maximum strain, and provide the opportunity to indicate the most important variables determining the shape of the stress - strain curve. Next, using the induction of decision trees, an approximation model was developed, which allowed to create an algorithm facilitating the selection of individual modifying components. The last stage of the research was verification of the correctness of the developed algorithm. The obtained research results indicate the possibility of using decision tree induction to approximate selected properties of modeling materials simulating the behavior of real materials, thus eliminating the need for costly and time-consuming experiments carried out on metallic material.

4

Case-Based Reasoning System for the Selection of Silumin Alloying Elements

Rojek G., Regulski K., Kluska-Nawarecka S., Wilk-Kołodziejczyk D.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 18, iss. 3

126--131

EN

This work presents the project of the application of Case-based reasoning (CBR) methodology to an advisory system. This system should give an assistance by selection of proper alloying additives in order to obtain a material with predetermined mechanical properties. The considered material is silumin EN AC-46000 (hypoeutectic Al-Si alloy) that is modified by the addition of Cr, Mo, V and W elements in the range from 0% to 0.5% in the modified alloy. The projected system should indicate to the user the content of particular additives so that the obtained material is in the chosen range of parameters: tensile strength Rm, yield strength Rp0.2, elongation A and hardness HB. The CBR methodology solves new problems basing on the solutions of similar problems resolved in the past. The advantage of the CBR application is that the advisory system increases knowledge base as the subsequent use of the system. The presented design of the advisory system also considers issues related to the ergonomics of its operation.

5

Optymalizacja dodatków Ni i Cu w żeliwie ADI z uwzględnieniem szybkości stygnięcia odlewu

Wilk-Kołodziejczyk D., Kowalski A., Opaliński A., Regulski K., Mrzygłód B., Gumienny G., Jaśkowiec K.

Prace Instytutu Odlewnictwa

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2017

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Vol. 57, no. 2

85--94

PL

W pracy analizowano wpływ dodatków Ni i Cu na właściwości mechaniczne żeliwa ADI w odlewach o różnej grubości ścianek. Zastosowano plan eksperymentu, stosując kombinacje dodatku Ni w ilości 0,5% i 1,5% oraz dodatku Cu w ilości 0,5% i 1,0%. Zawartość pozostałych pierwiastków wynosiła: C = 3,3−3,6%, Si = 2,2−2,6%, Mn = 0,10−0,13%, P do 0,05%, S do 0,020% (% wag.). Wykonano 4 wytopy żeliwa, odlewając wlewki o grubości 25 mm, 50 mm i 75 mm. Sferoidyzację żeliwa przeprowadzono metodą przewodu elastycznego (otoczka stalowa wypełniona magnezem). W formach odlewniczych zastosowano specjalny układ filtrująco-modyfikujący. Z każdego wytopu i z każdego wlewka wykonano próbki wytrzymałościowe. Po hartowaniu izotermicznym zmierzono Rm i A5. Opracowano wielomiany aproksymujące (Rm, A5) = f(Ni,Cu). Wielomiany te pozwalają na dobór optymalnych dodatków Ni i Cu dla uzyskania wymaganej wytrzymałości bądź plastyczności. Na podstawie wielomianów wykonano wykresy trójwymiarowe obrazujące powyższe zależności.

EN

The study analyzes the effect of Ni and Cu additions on the mechanical properties of ADI cast iron in casts with different wall thickness values. The applied experiment plan included the use of combinations of the Ni addition in the amount of 0.5% and 1.5% and the Cu addition in the amount of 0.5% and 1.0%. The content of the remaining elements equaled: C = 3 .3−3.6%, S i = 2 .2−2.6%, M n = 0 .10−0.13%, P max. 0.05%, S max. 0.020% (wt. %). Four cast iron melts were performed, by way of casting ingots with a thickness of 25 mm, 50 mm and 75 mm. The cast iron spheroidization was conducted by the flexible conduit method (steel envelope filled with magnesium). In the casting moulds, a special filtering-modifying system was applied. From each melt and each ingot, strength samples were prepared. After isothermal quenching, Rm and A5 were measured. The approximating polynomials (Rm, A5) = f(Ni,Cu) were elaborated. The polynomials make it possible to select the optimal Ni and Cu additions to obtain the required strength or plasticity. Based on the polynomials, three-dimensional diagrams illustrating the above relations were constructed.

6

The Heuristic Model Based on LPR in the Context of Material Conversion

Wilk-Kołodziejczyk D., Kluska-Nawarecka S., Nawarecki E., Śnieżyński B., Jaśkowiec K., Legień G.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2017

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Vol. 62, iss. 3

1603--1607

EN

High complexity of the physical and chemical processes occurring in liquid metal is the reason why it is so difficult, impossible even sometimes, to make analytical models of these phenomena. In this situation, the use of heuristic models based on the experimental data and experience of technicians is fully justified since, in an approximate manner at least, they allow predicting the mechanical properties of the metal manufactured under given process conditions. The study presents a methodology applicable in the design of a heuristic model based on the formalism of the logic of plausible reasoning (LPR). The problem under consideration consists in finding a technological variant of the process that will give the desired product parameters while minimizing the cost of production. The conducted tests have shown the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

7

Computer Catalog and Semantic Search of Data in the Domain of Cast Iron Processing

Rojek G., Regulski K., Wilk-Kołodziejczyk D., Kluska-Nawarecka S., Wawrzaszek T.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 17, iss. 2

79--84

EN

The aim of this study is to design and implement a computer system, which will allow the semantic cataloging and data retrieval in the field of cast iron processing. The intention is to let the system architecture allow for consideration of data on various processing techniques based on the information available or searched by a potential user. This is achieved by separating the system code from the knowledge of the processing operations or from the chemical composition of the material being processed. This is made possible by the creation and subsequent use of formal knowledge representation in the form of ontology. So, any use of the system is associated with the use of ontologies, either as an aid for the cataloging of new data, or as an indication of restrictions imposed on the data which draw user attention. The use of formal knowledge representation also allows consideration of semantic meaning, a consequence of which may be, for example, returning all elements in subclasses of the searched process class or material grade.

8

Approximation of Ausferrite Content in the Compacted Graphite Iron with the Use of Combined Techniques of Data Mining

Regulski K., Wilk-Kołodziejczyk D., Kacprzyk B., Gumienny G., Rojek G., Mrzygłód B.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 17, iss. 3

117--122

EN

This article presents the methodology for exploratory analysis of data from microstructural studies of compacted graphite iron to gain knowledge about the factors favouring the formation of ausferrite. The studies led to the development of rules to evaluate the content of ausferrite based on the chemical composition. Data mining methods have been used to generate regression models such as boosted trees, random forest, and piecewise regression models. The development of a stepwise regression modelling process on the iteratively limited sets enabled, on the one hand, the improvement of forecasting precision and, on the other, acquisition of deeper knowledge about the ausferrite formation. Repeated examination of the significance of the effect of various factors in different regression models has allowed identification of the most important variables influencing the ausferrite content in different ranges of the parameters variability.

9

Supporting the Manufacturing Process of Metal Products with the Methods of Artificial Intelligence

Wilk-Kołodziejczyk D.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2016

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Vol. 61, iss. 4

1995--1998

EN

The aim of this research programme was to develop a series of methods and solutions to support the decision-making process in foundry and materials engineering. The specific problems discussed included the selection of methods for data processing and knowledge representation formalisms, backed up by the creation of decision algorithms based on contemporary achievements of artificial intelligence, tailored to the needs of foundry industry and metallurgy. The manufacturing process of metal items is associated with many aspects, which affect the quality of end product. For process engineers responsible for the supervising and planning of production, an important feature is, among others, the diversified nature of numerous aspects of the knowledge acquisition and integration from distributed sources of information which, when made available in an appropriate manner, can support the improvement of manufacturing process.

10

Austempered Ductile Iron Manufacturing Data Acquisition Process with the Use of Semantic Techniques

Wilk-Kołodziejczyk D., Kluska-Nawarecka A. S., Regulski K., Adrian W., Jaśkowiec K.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2016

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Vol. 61, iss. 4

2117--2122

EN

The aim of this work was to propose a methodology supporting the task of collecting the comparative data on studies of the mechanical properties of ADI. Collecting of research data is an important step in the process of finding the optimum design solutions for newly made products - experimental data allow us properly calibrate the manufacturing process of ADI to let the final product achieve the required properties. Parameters of the ADI production process, i.e. the time and temperature of austenitising and austempering, as well as the alloying elements added to ductile iron affect the ADI properties. The design process can use research data collected, among others, from the Web. As stated in the article, the process of data acquisition can be supported by semantic technologies, including ontologies which are descriptive logic formalism.

11

Methods of Computational Intelligence in the Context of Quality Assurance in Foundry Products

Rojek G., Regulski K., Wilk-Kołodziejczyk D.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 16, iss. 2

11--16

EN

One way to ensure the required technical characteristics of castings is the strict control of production parameters affecting the quality of the finished products. If the production process is improperly configured, the resulting defects in castings lead to huge losses. Therefore, from the point of view of economics, it is advisable to use the methods of computational intelligence in the field of quality assurance and adjustment of parameters of future production. At the same time, the development of knowledge in the field of metallurgy, aimed to raise the technical level and efficiency of the manufacture of foundry products, should be followed by the development of information systems to support production processes in order to improve their effectiveness and compliance with the increasingly more stringent requirements of ergonomics, occupational safety, environmental protection and quality. This article is a presentation of artificial intelligence methods used in practical applications related to quality assurance. The problem of control of the production process involves the use of tools such as the induction of decision trees, fuzzy logic, rough set theory, artificial neural networks or case-based reasoning.

12

Application of ALSV(FD) logic and XTT knowledge representation in the range of ADI properties

Regulski K., Wilk-Kołodziejczyk D., Rojek B., Kluska-Nawarecka S., Adrian W. T.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 16, iss. 2

75--78

EN

The objective of studies presented in this publication was structuring of research knowledge about the ADI functional properties and changes in these properties due to material treatment. The results obtained were an outcome of research on the selection of a format of knowledge representation that would be useful in further work aiming at the design, application and implementation of an effective system supporting the decisions of a technologist concerning the choice of a suitable material (ADI in this case) and appropriate treatment process (if necessary). ALSV(FD) logic allows easy modelling of knowledge, which should let addressees of the target system carry out knowledge modelling by themselves. The expressiveness of ALSV (FD) logic allows recording the values of attributes from the scope of the modelled domain regarding ADI, which is undoubtedly an advantage in the context of further use of the logic. Yet, although the logic by itself does not allow creating the rules of knowledge, it may form a basis for the XTT format that is rule-based notation. The difficulty in the use of XTT format for knowledge modelling is acceptable, but formalism is not suitable for the discovery of rules, and therefore the knowledge of technologist is required to determine the impact of process parameters on values that are functional properties of ADI. The characteristics of ALSV(FD) logic and XTT formalism, described in this article, cover the most important aspects of a broadly discussed, full evaluation of the applicability of these solutions in the construction of a system supporting the decisions of a technologist.

13

Heuristic modeling of casting processes under the conditions uncertainty

David J., Švec P., Garzinová R., Kluska-Nawarecka S., Wilk-Kołodziejczyk D., Regulski K.

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 16, no. 2

179--185

EN

In the first part of this paper will be described an analysis of control problems and technical lifetime modeling of continuous casting device crystallizers. A full exploitation of continuous casting equipment (CCE) advantages can only be achieved through a control system that minimizes all undesirable effects on the technological process. Some of the undesirable effects influencing the CCE process effectiveness are the failures and service interruptions. This problem was solved by connection of dependability theory and artificial neural networks. The second part of the article refers to a model in linguistic form used to identify the type of defects present in the tested casting. This model, having the form of an attribute table, has been based on the concepts taken from the theory of rough sets and fuzzy logic. A methodology for construction of a heuristic model of linguistic knowledge was presented along with an example of its implementation based on the use of distributed sources of knowledge.

14

Intelligent interface for decision support system in metallurgical domain

Regulski K., Rojek K., Wilk-Kołodziejczyk D., Kluska-Nawarecka S., Nawarecki E., Dobrowolski G.

Computer Methods in Materials Science

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2015

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Vol. 15, No.1

71--77

EN

Extensive decision support system composed of several modules providing different functionalities for the user can be a challenge in designing of a usable, plain and consistent user interface. A characteristic of advisory systems in the domain of metallurgy is their complex architecture designed to deal with multiple types of tasks in many areas. The objective of this paper is to present the possibility of creating an intelligent interface providing the user with complete freedom to act without precise knowledge of the multiple functionality of the system. The paper presents the architecture of developed advisory system in the domain of metallurgy enriched with the description of mechanisms, which enable obtaining an intelligent user interface. The intelligent user interface should guide the user at navigation through all system modules in order to meet all needs that are the reason for this system usage. In designing of such interface, the Case-Based Reasoning methodology is proposed to be used. Case-Based Reasoning ensures a pattern for building systems that are able to learn on the basis of human actions associated with human decisions and use such knowledge to resolve the currently appearing problems. Each user query directed to the system, and each of his decisions about the choice of functionalities of the system modules supplies the system with the crucial information on proper use of the whole decision support unit related with the needs of a user. Skillful use of this knowledge can provide convenient and efficient performance of intelligent interface.

PL

Rozległy system wspomagania decyzji złożony z kilku modułów zapewniających różne funkcjonalności użytkownikowi stanowi wyzwanie w projektowaniu użytecznego, prostego i spójnego interfejsu. Specyfiką systemów doradczych w zakresie metalurgii jest stopień skomplikowania ich architektury zaprojektowanej celem wspierania różnorodnych typów zadań w wielu obszarach. Celem tego artykułu jest prezentacja możliwości stworzenia inteligentnego interfejsu zapewniającego użytkownikowi pełną swobodę działania nawet w sytuacji, gdy nie zna on dokładnie wszystkich funkcjonalności systemu. Artykuł przedstawia architekturę tworzonego systemu wspomagania decyzji w zakresie metalurgii wzbogaconą o opis mechanizmu pozwalającego skonstruować inteligentny interfejs. Interfejs taki powinien wspomagać użytkownika w nawigacji po modułach systemu tak, aby użycie systemu było najefektywniejsze. Do tworzenia takiego mechanizmu zaproponowano metodykę wnioskowania epizodycznego (Case-Based Reasoning, CBR). CBR stanowi wzorzec tworzenia systemów uczących się na podstawie przeszłych zachowań użytkownika związanych z wykorzystaniem systemu w rozwiązywaniu problemów. Wiedza o poprzednich zachowaniach i wyborach użytkownika służy do wspomagania bieżących problemów. Każde zapytanie użytkownika skierowane do systemu oraz każdy jego wybór użycia poszczególnych funkcjonalności modułów systemu wzbogaca system o cenną wiedzę: właściwe wykorzystanie całego systemu doradczego związane z potrzebami użytkownika. Umiejętne wykorzystanie tej wiedzy zapewni wygodną i efektywną pracę inteligentnego interfejsu.

15

Methodology for the Construction of a Rule-Based Knowledge Base Enabling the Selection of Appropriate Bronze Heat Treatment Parameters Using Rough Sets

Górny Z., Kluska-Nawarecka S., Wilk-Kołodziejczyk D., Regulski K.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2015

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Vol. 60, iss. 1

309--312

EN

Decisions regarding appropriate methods for the heat treatment of bronzes affect the final properties obtained in these materials. This study gives an example of the construction of a knowledge base with application of the rough set theory. Using relevant inference mechanisms, knowledge stored in the rule-based database allows the selection of appropriate heat treatment parameters to achieve the required properties of bronze. The paper presents the methodology and the results of exploratory research. It also discloses the methodology used in the creation of a knowledge base.

PL

Decyzje dotyczące odpowiedniej metody obróbki cieplnej brązów mają wpływ na uzyskanie końcowych własności tych materiałów. W pracy przedstawiono przykład budowy bazy wiedzy z zastosowaniem teorii zbiorów przybliżonych. Wiedza zgromadzona w bazie reguł umożliwia za pomocą mechanizmów wnioskowania dobór odpowiednich parametrów obróbki w celu uzyskania pożądanych własności brązu.

16

The Use of Formal Knowledge Representation in Operating on Resources Concerning Cast Iron Processing

Kluska-Nawarecka S., Wilk-Kołodziejczyk D., Rojek G., Regulski K., Polek G.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 15, iss. 2

39--42

EN

The problem of materials selection in terms of their mechanical properties during the design of new products is a key issue of design. The complexity of this process is mainly due to a multitude of variants in the previously produced materials and the possibility of their further processing improving the properties. In everyday practice, the problem is solved basing on expert or designer knowledge. The paper is the proposition of a solution using computer-aided analysis of material experimental data, which may be acquired from external data sources. In both cases, taking into account the rapid growth of data, additional tools become increasingly important, mainly those which offer support for adding, viewing, and simple comparison of different experiments. In this paper, the use of formal knowledge representation in the form of an ontology is proposed as a bridge between physical repositories of data in the form of files and user queries, which are usually formulated in natural language. The number and the sophisticated internal structure of attributes or parameters that could be the criteria of the search for the user are an important issue in the traditional data search tools. Ontology, as a formal representation of knowledge, enables taking into account the known relationships between concepts in the field of cast iron, materials used and processing techniques. This allows the user to receive support by searching the results of experiments that relate to a specific material or processing treatment. Automatic presentation of the results which relate to similar materials or similar processing treatments is also possible, which should make the conducted analysis of the selection of materials or processing treatments more comprehensive by including a wider range of possible solutions.

17

Domain WEB Monitoring

Kluska-Nawarecka S., Opaliński A., Wilk-Kołodziejczyk D.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 15, iss. 2 spec.

43--46

EN

The last few years have seen a very dynamic development of the Internet worldwide. This is related to the rapid growth of the amount of information stored in its resources. The vast amount of data, impossible to be analyzed by man, is the reason why finding and selecting valuable information from a large number of results returned by search engines has recently become the task very difficult. Another problem is the low quality of the data contained in a large part of the results returned by search engines. This situation poses serious problems if one searches for detailed information related to the specific area of industry or science. In addition, the lack of effective solutions, allowing for continuous monitoring of WEB in terms of the search for emerging information while maintaining the high quality of the returned results, only aggravates this situation. Due to this state of affairs, a solution highly welcome would be a system allowing for continuous monitoring of the WEB and searching for valuable information from the selected Internet resources. This paper describes a concept of such a system along with its initial implementation and application to search for information in the foundry industry. The results of a prototype implementation of this system were presented, and plans for its further development and adaptation to other sectors of the industry were outlined.

18

Computer Advisory System in the Domain of Cooper Alloys Manufacturing

Wilk-Kołodziejczyk D., Kluska-Nawarecka S., Rojek G., Regulski K.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 15, iss. 3

77--80

EN

The main scope of the article is the development of a computer system, which should give advices at problem of cooper alloys manufacturing. This problem relates with choosing of an appropriate type of bronze (e.g. the BA 1044 bronze) with possible modification (e.g. calcium carbide modifications: Ca + C or CaC2) and possible heat treatment operations (quenching, tempering) in order to obtain desired mechanical properties of manufactured material described by tensile strength - Rm, yield strength - Rp0.2 and elongation - A5. By construction of the computer system being the goal of presented here work Case-based Reasoning is proposed to be used. Case-based Reasoning is the methodology within Artificial Intelligence techniques, which enables solving new problems basing on experiences that are solutions obtained in the past. Case-based Reasoning also enables incremental learning, because every new experience is retained each time in order to be available for future processes of problem solving. Proposed by the developed system solution can be used by a technologist as a rough solution for cooper alloys manufacturing problem, which requires further tests in order to confirm it correctness.

19

The Implementation of Computer Platform for Foundries Cooperating in a Supply Chain

Wilk-Kołodziejczyk D., Kluska-Nawarecka S., Rojek G., Regulski K.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 14, iss. 3

111--116

EN

This article presents a practical solution in the form of implementation of agent-based platform for the management of contracts in a network of foundries. The described implementation is a continuation of earlier scientific work in the field of design and theoretical system specification for cooperating companies [1]. The implementation addresses key design assumptions - the system is implemented using multi-agent technology, which offers the possibility of decentralisation and distributed processing of specified contracts and tenders. The implemented system enables the joint management of orders for a network of small and medium-sized metallurgical plants, while providing them with greater competitiveness and the ability to carry out large procurements. The article presents the functional aspects of the system - the user interface and the principle of operation of individual agents that represent businesses seeking potential suppliers or recipients of services and products. Additionally, the system is equipped with a bi-directional agent translating standards based on ontologies, which aims to automate the decision-making process during tender specifications as a response to the request.

20

The Decision Support System in the Domain of Casting Defects Diagnosis

Wilk-Kołodziejczyk D., Rojek G., Regulski K.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 14, iss. 3

107--110

EN

This article presents a computer system for the identification of casting defects using the methodology of Case-Based Reasoning. The system is a decision support tool in the diagnosis of defects in castings and is designed for small and medium-sized plants, where it is not possible to take advantage of multi-criteria data. Without access to complete process data, the diagnosis of casting defects requires the use of methods which process the information based on the experience and observations of a technologist responsible for the inspection of ready castings. The problem, known and studied for a long time, was decided to be solved with a computer system using a CBR (Case-Based Reasoning) methodology. The CBR methodology not only allows using expert knowledge accumulated in the implementation phase, but also provides the system with an opportunity to "learn" by collecting new cases solved earlier by this system. The authors present a solution to the system of inference based on the accumulated cases, in which the main principle of operation is searching for similarities between the cases observed and cases stored in the knowledge base.