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1
Content available Precursors of volatile organic compounds emitted during phosphorite processing
Śliwak A., Gryglewicz S., Hoffmann J., Gryglewicz G.
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
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2012
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Vol. 14, nr 2
62-69
EN
The composition of solvent-soluble organic matter of phosphorite, which is a precursor of volatile organic compounds emitted by the fertilizer industry, was studied. A benzene-methanol mixture and chloroform were used for the extraction of free and bound bitumen from phosphorites, respectively. The separated bitumen fractions were characterized qualitatively by GC-MS and quantitatively by GC-FID. n-Alkanes, n-alkenes, fatty acids and isoprenoids were identified in the extracts. The main components were n-alkanes and n-alkenes, constituting over 80% of the total bitumen determined. An unexpected presence of n-alkenes only in the free bitumen fraction was found. The possible source of ill-smelling substances evolved during treatment of phosphorite with H2SO4 was discussed.
2
Content available remote Wpływ modyfikacji technologicznych wytwarzania nawozów na emisję związków odorowych
Hoffmann J., Gryglewicz G., Hoffmann K., Gryglewicz S., Rutkowski P.
Przemysł Chemiczny
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2010
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T. 89, nr 4
386-390
3
Content available remote Emisja substancji odorowych w procesach superfosfatowych
Hoffmann J., Gryglewicz G., Hoffmann K., Gryglewicz S., Rutkowski P.
Przemysł Chemiczny
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2009
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T. 88, nr 5
454-456
4
Content available remote Budowa i działanie plazmowego reaktora eliminującego odory
Mielcarek W., Prociów K., Warycha J., Kacprzyk R., Rutkowski J., Czapka T., Gryglewicz S., Subocz J.
Przemysł Chemiczny
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2009
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T. 88, nr 5
516-519
5
Content available Emission of the odour substances from fertilizer industry
Hoffmann J., Gryglewicz G., Hoffmann K., Gryglewicz S., Okereke W., Skut J.
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
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2009
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Vol. 11, nr 1
12-15
EN
Mineral fertilizers are indispensable for the intensification of plant production in agriculture. This process can cause a significant odour nuisance for the environment due to organic compounds content in apatites and phosphorites converted into fertilizers. The following chemical compounds are emitted to the gas phase among others: hydrogen sulphide, organic sulphides and (methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, butyl) disulphides, chain hydrocarbons, organic oils, waxes and carboxylic acids. A method using gas chromatography analysis with the mass detector (TD-GS-MS), to determine trace concentrations, was developed and tested for the assessment of odour nuisant substances emission from these processes. Application of additional thermal desorber to enable the intense desorption of the investigated organic compounds (previously adsorbed on classical sorbents) in the industrial research has been taken into consideration. In effect it facilitates the accumulating substances to be analyzed at short time interval providing identifying measurements. The technique has been verified during the investigation of the substances emitted in fertilizers processes at Maroko phosphorite decomposition. The organic sulfur compounds, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons have been detected.
6
Katalityczne hydroodchlorowanie pestycydów z rodziny DDT i chloropochodnych cykloheksanu
Gryglewicz S., Stolarski M., Piechocki W.
Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna
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2007
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Vol. 14, nr S1
77-88
PL
Omówiono zagadnienie negatywnego wpływu na środowisko przyrodnicze obecności związków chloroorganicznych, źródła ich pochodzenia i metody unieszkodliwiania, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem procesu katalityczne-o hydroodchlorowania. Dokonano oceny możliwości degradacji wybranych pestycydów z rodziny DDT i chloropochodnych cykloheksanu na drodze ich hydroodchlorowania w obecności katalizatora niklowo-molibdenowego na nośniku węglowym w postaci wyselekcjonowanego węgla aktywnego. Procesy hydroodchlorowania badanych związków prowadzono w autoklawie pod ciśnieniem wodoru 3 MPa w ciągu 60 minut. Stwierdzono możliwość bezpiecznej, z punktu widzenia ochrony środowiska, pełnej detoksykacji DDT i pochodnych w łagodnych warunkach procesowych: temperaturze 180°C i ciśnieniu wodoru okolo 3 MPa. Całkowita konwersja chloropochodnych cykloheksanu, w tym lindanu, również wymaga zbliżonych, łagodnych warunków procesowych. Natomiast proces hydrodegradacji 2,4-dichlorodifenylu zachodził w znacznie wyższej temperaturze, powyżej 260°C.
EN
The negative influence on the environment of chloroorganic compounds, their origin and methods of neutralization specially focused on the catalytic hydrodechlorination process bas been discussed. The possibility of degradation of selected DDT derivatives and chlorinated cyclohexanes by hydrodechlorination in presence of carbon supported nickel-molybdenum catalyst has been evaluated. The processes of hydrodechlorination has been carried out in autoclave batch reactor under pressure of 3 MPa for 60 minutes. The results of tests show the possibility of environmentally safe, full detoxication of DDT and its derivatives in mild conditions (temperature - 180'C, hydrogen pressure - 3 MPa). Total conversion of chlorinated cyclohexanes, including lindane reguires comparable conditions of process. In comparison the hydrodegradation of aromatic 2,4-dichlorodiphenyl takes place at much higher temperature, above 260°C.
7
Content available remote Syntetyczne oleje estrowe
Gryglewicz S.
Wiadomości Chemiczne
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2003
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[Z] 57, 1-2
75--97
EN
Hydrocarbon oils and petroleum derived fluids are commonly used in technology. However, in many applications the requirements of the tasks exceed the performance capabilities of classical fluids and the synthesis of new products to meet the extraordinary demands is necessary. Chemically and physiologically inert siloxanes, thermally stable poly(a-olefins) PAO and esters showing excellent resistance to nuclear radiation are some examples of synthetic oil. The fluids of ester structure, which are similar to natural triglicerydes, are very important class of synthetic oils. Ester oils possess superior physicochemical and performance properties as well as are non-toxic and easy biodegradable in comparison to many traditional derived fluids [21]. This paper is focused on specific application areas for which ester fluids are either currently used or being seriously considered for use. A special attention is given to ester oil synthesis including the methods based on indirect esterification, transesterification and enzymatic catalysis [11,12,49]. It is emphasised excellent thermo-oxidative properties of neopentyl alcohol esters [20]. Dicarboxylic acids esters, which are commonly used as synthetic fluids together with the compounds of oligomer, character are also discussed [37]. A new class of ester oils such as dialkyl carbonates and their synthesis using dimethyl carbonate as starting material are included [66]. Further sections of the paper are focused on phosphate esters and oils produced from native triglicerydes [76,95]. The effect of fatty acids structure on the properties of obtained products is reported. The methods of chemical modification of fatty acids structure such as selective hydrogenation, oligomerisation, alkylation, methatesis and acylooxylation are discussed. The last part of the paper deals with hydrolytic decomposition of esters in which steric hindrance and resonance effect play an important role [110].
8
Hydrodechlorination of PCBs in contaminated electroinsulating oil
Gryglewicz S., Stolarski M.
Polish Journal of Applied Chemistry
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2003
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Vol. 47, nr 1
15--22
EN
The hydrodechlorination of PCBs contained in electroinsulating oil has been studied in the temperature range of 240-420C, under a hydrogen pressure of 10 and 70 bars without a catalyst and in the presence of Co-Mo/Al2O3. Liquid-phase samples of the reaction products were analysed by GC-ECD. The dechlorination efficiency was evaluated as a function of temperature and hydrogen pressure. The sulphided Co-Mo/Al2O3 catalyst exhibited the highest activity. By using this catalyst at 320oC it was possible to remove 99.3% of the polychlorinated biphenyls.
PL
Przeprowadzono badania nad hydroodchlorowaniem PCB w oleju elektroizolacyjnym w obecności katalizatora Co-Mo/Al2O3, w zakresie temperatur 240-420oC. Produkty reakcji by y analizowane metod GC-ECD. Określono wpływ temperatury procesu i ciśnienia wodoru na efektywność reakcji odchlorowania. Najwyższą aktywność katalityczna w badanych procesach wykazywał nasiarczony katalizator Co-Mo/Al2O3. W obecności tego katalizatora, w temperaturze 320oC usuwano 99,3% polichlorowanych bifenyli.
9
Content available remote Degradacja polichlorowanych difenyli (PCB)
Gryglewicz S.
Wiadomości Chemiczne
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2000
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[Z] 54, 5-6
499-516
EN
Polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCBs ) do not bring about a sharp toxical effect in mammalian organisms. However, owing to the tendency of PCBs accumulation in the environment, low biodegradability and potential dangerous consequences for human health generating in long-term period, the efforts leading to PCBs elimination from environment are reasonable. In spite of the discontinuation of PCBs production, there are still their emission sources, i.e. mainly electrical facilities filled in insulating fluid, which contains polychlorinated biphenyls of high concentration. In this paper the bases of PCBs synthesis were discussed. The principle of nomenclature of working fluids produced on the base of PCBs and their main physicochemical properties were also given. In the second part of the paper the structure and chemical reactivity of polychlorinated biphenyls compounds were discussed, in particular, their inert behaviour in nucleophilic substitution reactions. Moreover, the theoretical bases of PCBs degradation methods including chemical, physicochemical and biological processes were described. It was emphasised that PCBs degradation methods and remediation of PCB contaminated materials are required to be environmentally safe. An efficient degradation method of liquid and solid materials showing high PCBs concentration is their incineration in a special furnace with precisely controlled technological regime as well as with the use of a plasma torch to avoid dioxine formation via recombination of uncompleted combustion products. It was indicated that PCB contaminated petroleum derived products are of the secondary potential source of PCBs propagation in the environment. For this kind of products, catalytic hydrogenation appears to be a particularly interesting means of dechlorination without destroing the initial material. Also the treatment of hydrocarbon mixture with colloidal suspension of metallic sodium offers an attractive dechlorination potential. The mechanism of this reaction is not well known. Probably, the reaction proceeds through aryne mechanism. Attempts to remediate PCB contaminated waters by means of electromagnetic radiation in the presence of suitable catalysts [52,53] were mentioned as well. Finally, biological degradation methods of PCBs removal particularly from contaminated water and sewage were described.
10
Metody unieszkodliwiania polichromowanych bifenyli (PCB)
Stolarski M., Gryglewicz S.
Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna
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2000
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Vol. 7, nr 8-9
847-855
PL
Polichlorowane bifenyle (PCB) były powszechnie stosowane jako płyny elektroizolacyjne, oleje hydrauliczne, plastyfikatory do tworzyw sztucznych, a nawet środki do impregnacji papieru. W latach siedemdziesiątych odkryto szkodliwy wpływ PCB na organizmy żywe. Okazało się, że bezpieczne dla środowiska zniszczenie dużych ilości PCB, obecnych w różnych urządzeniach jest zadaniem bardzo trudnym i złożonym. W artykule omówiono metody niszczenia polichlorowanych bifenyli i dekontaminacji skażonych tymi związkami urządzeń i materiałów. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na specjalne technologie spopielania PCB jak również metody chemicznej i fizykalnej dekontaminacji skażonych materiałów, w tym: redukcję metalicznym sodem i hydrodegradację.
EN
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) were commonly used as electroinsulating oils, hydraulic fluids, plasticisers for polymers and impregnates for paper. In 70's a noxious influence of PCB on human health were discovered. It was appeared that environmentally safe destroying large amounts of PCBs present in different facilities is complex and very difficult. In this paper, methods of the PCB degradation and decontamination of PCB containing facilities and materials were described. A special attention has been paid to technologies for PCB incineration as well as chemical and physical methods for decontamination of materials, i.e., by reduction with metallic sodium and hydrodegradation.
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