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Mikrosieć energetyczna z turbiną gazową i instalacją PV

Grech R., Michta E.

Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola

2014

R. 60, nr 11

982--984

W artykule przedstawiono mikrosieć energetyczną z mikroturbiną gazową i instalacją PV. Dla takiej mikrosieci zaproponowano dwupoziomową strukturę systemu do zarządzania pracą mikrosieci. Przedstawiono podstawy zarządzania pracą mikrosieci z zastosowaniem przetwarzania regułowego.

The article presents microgrid with gas micro turbine and PV instal-lation. For such microgrid a two-level structure of a system to man-age the work of microgrid is proposed. Basics of a microgrid man-agement using the rule base processing are outlined. Figure 1 shows the structure of microgrid, which distinguishes two levels of functionality associated with the management of microgrid marked in the figure 1 as LSM (local microgrid controller) and CSM (microgrid central controller). Characteristics of power generation in the present system is dependent on the performance characteristics of each generation equipment, as shown in Figure 2. One of the key issues related to the efficient functioning of the Smart Metering and Smart Grid is a solution of a data processing and the implementation of control functions at the level of microgrid. In such a microgrid structure it is proposed to introduce a rule-based processing on the level of controllers CSM and LSM. The use of rule-based processing requires a transition from numerical record to symbolic record, which allow to achieve the universality that define the state of the current process, eg electricity consumption in a given area at a given level and not numerical values, but for example in the form of terms Green (G), Yellow (Y) or Red (R). Determination of the current state of the energy consumption in different areas of the LSM is the basis for rule-based processing and requires the processing of the rules. The set of example rules is shown at the end of the article.

Układy pomiarowe prądu przemiennego do wzorcowania rezystorów o małych wartościach rezystancji

Rybski R., Grech R.

Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola

2010

R. 56, nr 11

1271-1273

W pracy przedstawiono wybrane układy pomiarowe stosowane aktualnie do wzorcowania rezystorów wzorcowych o małych wartościach rezystancji w obwodach prądu przemiennego. Przeanalizowano i porównano właściwości metrologiczne układów opracowanych przez autorów z rozwiązaniami opracowanymi i stosowanymi przez wiodące Krajowe Instytucje Metrologiczne (NMI), które umożliwiają wzorcowanie rezystorów AC w paśmie akustycznym z niepewnością na poziomie 10 ppm w odniesieniu do składowej czynnej i biernej ich impedancji.

The paper presents selected measurement circuit currently used for calibration of standard resistors of small resistance value in AC circuits. Metrological properties of the circuits developed by the authors are analysed and compared with properties of circuits developed and applied in the leading NMI. These circuits allow the calibration of AC resistors in the audio band of uncertainty at the level of 10 ppm. The most important advantages and disadvantages of the basic circuits of series and parallel comparison (Fig. 1) are presented in Paragraph 2 of the paper. In the next paragraph the circuit with a magnetic current comparator (Fig. 2) developed at NRC is described, and properties of the circuit constructed by the authors, with non-simultaneous comparison and complex voltage ratio measurement are compared with those of the circuit with simultaneous comparison developed by the JEMIC (Fig. 3). In Paragraph 4 two circuits with series comparison are compared: the circuit with digital complex voltage ratio measurement developed by the authors (Fig. 6) and the circuit developed at NIST, in which the voltage ratio is determined in relation to the inductive voltage divider (Fig. 5). Selected examples of measurement circuits pre-sented in the paper show that in NMIs calibration of a small AC resistance is based on their own solutions in the form of a prototype system or measurement set. A very important problem of small AC resistance standards, which determines the achievable calibration uncertainty, is not considered in this paper.