The source terms, i.e., exhalation and emanation from soil and building materials are the primary contributors to the radon ( 222Rn)/thoron ( 220Rn) concentration levels in the dwellings, while the ecological constraints like ventilation rate, temperature, pressure, humidity, etc., are the influencing factors. The present study is focused on Almora District of Kumaun, located in Himalayan belt of Uttarakhand, India. For the measurement of 222Rn and 220Rn exhalation rates, 24 soil samples were collected from different locations. Gamma radiation level was measured at each of these locations. Chamber technique associated with Smart Rn Duo portable monitor was employed for the estimation of 222Rn and 220Rn exhalation rates. Radionuclides ( 226Ra, 232Th and 40K) concentrations were also measured in soil samples using NaI(Tl) scintillation based gamma ray spectrometry. The mass exhalation rate for 222Rn was varying between 16 and 54 mBq/kg/h, while the 220Rn surface exhalation rate was in the range of 0.65–6.43 Bq/m2/s. Measured gamma dose rate for the same region varied from 0.10 to 0.31 µSv/h. Inter-correlation of exhalation rates and intra-correlation with background gamma levels were studied.
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With the gaining popularity of rough clustering, soft computing research community is studying relationships between rough and fuzzy clustering as well as their relative advantages. Both rough and fuzzy clustering are less restrictive than conventional clustering. Fuzzy clustering memberships are more descriptive than rough clustering. In some cases, descriptive fuzzy clustering may be advantageous, while in other cases it may lead to information overload. Many applications demand use of combined approach to exploit inherent strengths of each technique. Our objective is to examine correlation between these two techniques. This paper provides an experimental description of how rough clustering results can be correlated with fuzzy clustering results. We illustrate procedural steps to map fuzzy membership clustering to rough clustering. However, such a conversion is not always necessary, especially if one only needs lower and upper approximations. Experiments also show that descriptive fuzzy clustering may not always (particularly for high dimensional objects) produce results that are as accurate as direct application of rough clustering. We present analysis of the results from both the techniques.
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Landforms developed across terrain defining boundary the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) have imprints of recent tectonic activity. Depositional landforms such as colluvial fan bear signatures of later phases of tectonic activity in the form of faulting of colluvial fan deposits and development of fault scarps. Tectonic geomorphology applied to the MBT zone suggests recent subsurface activity along the MBT and its splay thrusts. Present day tectonic activity of MBT is indicated by ground creeping, thrusting of Lower Siwalik rocks over recent colluvial fan deposit, aligning of series of lakes along splay faults and laterally along a fault, deflected streams, fault scarps and waterfalls. In the present paper we are addressing the tectonic situation in the foothill region of southeastern Kumaun Sub-Himalaya, India based on detailed field work carried out in the region which brought forward some outstanding morphotectonic evidence of neotectonic activities in the MBT zone.
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In this paper we prove some fixed point theorems for multivalued mappings using rational inequality in a symmetric space. These results are generalizations of some well known results in metric spaces and also in the setting of symmetric spaces.
Long wavelength magnetic anomalies have their origin in deeper crustal layers. These anomalies are generally modelled in terms of magnetization distribution or estimates of depth of the interface, either assuming varying inclination and declination or considering these parameters as constants over the region of study. In the present analysis we study the pattern and shape of synthetic magnetic anomalies generated at satellite heights for low, middle and high latitudes (i) taking into account varying inclination and declination, and (ii) using the average values of these parameters, while keeping magnetization constant. The results are as follows: - The vertical component in lower latitudes, as estimated by varying inclination and declination, is very much supressed compared to the estimates using averaged parameters. This could mainly be due to the effect of inducing field (which is primarily horizontal) and partly due to the high gradient of inclination over the region. - The total field, as estimated from the average parameters, shows greater amplitude when compared with that employing varying parameters. The study suggests that caution should be exercised in interpreting long wavelength magnetic anomalies over the low and middle latitudes because the varying inclination and declination itself produces appreciable anomalies which have no relevance to changes in physical parameters such as magnetization and depth.
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