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Assessment of mutagenic activity of methyl- and phenylphenanthrenes based on Salmonella test and micronucleus test

Rudnicka K., Tejs S., Budzikur K. A., Mielżyńska-Švach D., Jakimiuk E., Chachaj A., Góra M., Żelazna K., Łuczyński M. K.

Environmental Biotechnology

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2013

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Vol. 9, No. 2

65--71

EN

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely spread environmental pollutants mainly originating from anthropogenic sources such as fossil fuel combustion, industries, and others. Although a large body of literature exists on the toxicity and carcinogenicity of PAHs, primarily benzo[a]pyrene, toxicity data for phenanthrene deriveratives are very limited. The main aim of the experiment was to investigate if there exists correlation between molecular structure and mutagenic activity of four phenanthrene derivatives: 1 methylphenanthrene, 4 methylphenanthrene, 1 phenylphenanthrene, and 4 phenylphenanthrene. An Ames assay using two strains of histidine dependent Salmonella Typhimurium (TA98 and TA100) was conducted to assess the mutagenic activity of studied compounds both in the presence (+S9) and in the absence (-S9) of an exogenous source of metabolic activation. The compounds were also tested in an in vitro chromosome aberration assay in which V-79 cells were exposed to the phenanthrene derivatives investigated both in the presence and in the absence of metabolic activation. The phenylphenanthrenes showed no mutagenic effect. These compounds occasionally induced significant decrease in the number of revertants in the Ames test. The greatest mutagenic effects were observed for 1 methylphenanthrene after metabolic activation (+S9). In the micronucleus test the greatest mutagenic effect was observed for 4 methylphenanthrene also in the presence of metabolic activation system. The results obtained are comparable to those reported earlier for the methylphenanthrenes.

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Mutagenicity induced in Salmonella strains TA98 and TA100 by diphenylthiophenes

Budzikur K. A., Góra M., Chachaj A., Mielżyńska-Švach D., Tejs S., Łuczyński M. K.

Environmental Biotechnology

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2011

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Vol. 7, No. 2

65-69

EN

Mutagenic properties of four different diphenylthiophenes: 3,4-diphenylthiophene, 3,4-di(4'-methylphenyl)thiophene, 3,4-di(4'-methoxyphenyl)thiophene and 3,4-di(4'-pentoxyphenyl)thiophene were investigated applying the Salmonella test. The research was done on two strains of Salmonella Typhimurium: TA98 and TA100, tested in two variants: with (+S9) and without (-S9) enzymatic activation. Only one compound 3,4-di(4'-methylphenyl)thiophene showed mutagenic activity when studied with metabolic activation (+S9) and its mutagenic rate (MR) score was 3.41 for the dose of 10.00µg*plate-1. Other studied compounds did not show any mutagenic activity (+/-S9) and their MR score did not exceed the threshold value of 2.0.

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In vitro micronucleus test assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Żelazna K., Rudnicka K., Tejs S.

Environmental Biotechnology

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2011

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Vol. 7, No. 2

70-80

EN

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) can be dangerous due to their genotoxic properties and the formation of DNA adducts in the target organs. The increasing number of environmental pollutants containing polycyclic aromatic compounds requires the use of inexpensive and relatively quick assays enabling evaluation of potential genotoxicity of chemicals. Therefore, the in vitro micronucleus assay (MN) has been developed as a rapid screening test based on measuring and counting the micronuclei in various cells subjected to the examined compound. Combined with the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) technique and the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay, it also enables classification of compound mutagenic activity into aneugenic or clastogenic categories, the identification of the mechanism of MNi formation and the estimation of malsegregations of chromosomes amongst the two nuclei in binucleated cells. The combination of these different approaches is very useful in performing risk assessments of PAH with threshold types of dose responses.

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The Ames test: a methodological short review

Tejs S.

Environmental Biotechnology

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2008

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Vol. 4, No. 1

7-14

EN

The Ames Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay (Salmonella test; Ames test) is a short-term bacterial reverse mutation assay specifically designed to detect a wide range of chemical substances that can produce genetic damage that leads to gene mutations. The test is used to evaluate the mutagenic properties of test articles. The Ames test uses amino acid-dependent strains of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli, each carrying different mutations in various genes in the histidine operon. These mutations act as hot spots for mutagens that cause DNA damage via different mechanisms. In the absence of an external histidine source, cells cannot grow and form colonies. Only those bacteria that revert to histidine independence (his+) are able to form colonies. The number of spontaneously induced revertant colonies per plate is relatively constant. However, when a mutagen is added to the plate, the number of revertant colonies per plate is increased, usually in a dose-related manner. The Ames test is used worldwide as an initial screen to determine the mutagenic potential of new chemicals and drugs. The purpose of this publication is to help researchers who apply the Ames test in their studies.

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Preliminary evaluation of mutagenic activity of two amino derivatives of cyclopenta[c]phenanthrene

Łuczyński M. K., Góra M., Mielżyńska D., Brzuzan P., Tejs S., Pirogowicz P., Luczynski M.

Environmental Biotechnology

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2007

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Vol. 3, No. 1

15-19

EN

The mutagenicity of two, newly synthesized amino-derivatives of cyclopenta[c]phenanthrene (CP[c]Ph) was investigated in the Ames test using TA98 and TA100 histidine dependent Salmonella typhimurium strains. Neither of the examined compounds showed mutagenic activity without metabolic activation. The incorporation of an activation system caused high mutagenicity of CP[c]Ph derivatives in both S. typhimurium strains. The results are compared with the previous data on the mutagenic activity of unsubstituted CP[c]Ph and possible mechanisms of activation are discussed.