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Application of ground penetrating radar to identification of thickness and structure of sediments in postglacial lakes, illustrated with an example of the Mały Staw lake (the Karkonosze Mountains)

Gądek B., Grabiec M., Kędzia S.

Studia Geomorphologica Carpatho-Balcanica

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2015

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Vol. 49

5--13

EN

This paper has been aimed at demonstrating the applicability of the ground penetrating radar to acquiring basic information on lake sediments and geomorphological conditions of their deposition in the basin of Mały Staw lake. The lake area is one of the most comprehensively studied part of the Polish part of the Karkonosze Mountains. The application of radar soundings enabled a fast and environmentally friendly verification as well as updating the results of previous research on the thickness and structure of the sediments of this glacial lake. Mały Staw lake is formed at the postglacial depression in the granite bedrock. The bottom of the lake is composed of limnic deposits of the maximum thickness reaching up to 15 m. The postglacial formations occurring below them probably contain a buried moraine of the youngest recessional phase. Solid rock is located about 25 meters beneath the current bottom of the lake.

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Spatial relationship in interaction between glacier and permafrost in different mountainous environments of high and mid latitudes, based on GPR research

Dobinski W., Grabiec M., Gądek B.

Geological Quarterly

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2011

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Vol. 55, No. 4

375-388

EN

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys were conducted on both the glaciers and their forefields in the Tatra Mountains, Northern Scandinavia and on Spitsbergen – between the 49 degrees and 77 degrees latitudes. The results show that the glacial and periglacial environments interpenetrate. Permafrost is present in the glacier, and glacial ice may occur in the periglacial environment. What is common for both the environments is the perennial melting point surface, with the temperature close to 0°C. In the glacier it is the boundary of the cold-temperate transition surface and on the forefield – permafrost base.

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Normalizacja w konsolidacji europejskiego rynku zaopatrywania obronnego

Grabiec M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Marynarki Wojennej

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2010

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R. 51 nr 180A

67-78

PL

W referacie przedstawiono inicjatywy i działania realizowane przez instytucję i organizacje Unii Europejskiej i NATO mające na celu zintegrowanie poprzez normalizację rynków zaopatrywania obronnego krajów członków UE. Opisano najważniejsze elementy systemu normalizacji europejskiej, funkcjonującego w środowisku normalizacji międzynarodowej i jego powiązania z normalizacją obronną prowadzoną w krajach UE, Podano przyczyny i rodowód działań zmierzających do integracji rynków zaopatrywania obronnego krajów UE w jeden rynek europejski i w dalszej kolejności integrowanie tego rynku z Jednolitym Rynkiem Europejskim. Zamieszczono również plany dotyczące przyszłych działań wnioski i propozycje.

EN

- paper describes initiatives and actions realized by European Union (EU) and NATO organizations and bodies heading towards the integration of European Defence Equipment Marines existing in member nations of European Union. The key elements of the EU Standardization System operating within the global standardization environment, have been characterized, as well as is cooperation with defence standardization systems of European Union member nations. Reasons and origin of actions heading towards the integration of defence standardization systems of European Union member nations into single European Defence Equipment Market, and further integration this market into Single European Market, have been given. Plans concerning future actions conslusions and proposais have been listed, too.

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Związek krótkookresowych zmian miąższości pokrywy śnieżnej na Lodowcu Avatsmarka (NW Spitsbergen) z parametrami meteorologicznymi wiosną 2001 i 2002 roku

Grabiec M.

Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej

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2004

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nr 14

107-126

EN

The work has been intended to determine relations between short-term changes of the snow cover thickness on the glacier and meteorological parameters recorded on the glacier and in the glacier vicinity. Short-term relations are regarded as connections between variations of the snow depth on the glacier and the course of meteorological factors in a scale of up to 24-hours. Detailed snow and meteorological measurements were carried out on the equilibrium line (364 m a.s.l.) of Aavatsmark Glacier (NW Spitsber-gen) in two periods: 11 - 30th April 2001 and 12th April - 5th May 2002. The thickness of snow was investigated with the use of Sonic Ranging Sensor SR50 Campbell Scientific Ltd. Meteorological data comes from an automatic weather station located on the glacier?s surface and from meteorological sites on Kaffioyra and Ny-Alesund. All measurements were taken in 10-minute step. Short-term changes of the snow thickness on glaciers in winter seasons are influenced by the precipitation and snow transport. The wind power determines the scale of snow transport. In consequence, the increase of wind speed causes higher intensity of changes of the snow level. The intensity of changes of the snow depth within the range from 0 to 8ˇ10-6 m/s is connected with the average wind speed of 4 m/s and changes intensity over 17ˇ10-6 m/s accompanied the average wind speed 8.7 m/s. The appearance of precipitation in daily or longer time-scale causes the increase of snow thickness and the weakness of relations between changes of the snow depth and the wind speed. In a time-scale of several hours the snow supply leads to the increase of both intensity and amplitude of snow level changes. Significant increase of the intensity and amplitude of changes of snow depth took place over the average wind speed 5 m/s in days without precipitation and over 8 m/s in days with snowfall. Short-term changes of the snow thickness are constrained by availability of an unconsolidated, easy-to-transport material. The major part of that material comes from precipitation. As a result short-term changes of the snow depth are more noticeable during days with precipitation. A thin crust layer on the snow surface has been formed as a result of friction of air masses and snow particles. In emergence of the positive tempe-rature and good radiation conditions in the upper snow layer ice crust can be formed. After stabilization of the snow cover even powerful wind gust can?t start transporting the material and short-term changes of the snow thickness are limited.

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Związek akumulacji śniegu na lodowcach północno-zachodniego Spitsbergenu z cyrkulacją atmosferyczną, opadami i temperaturą powietrza w okresach zimowych

Grabiec M.

Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej

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2003

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nr 13

161-171

EN

This work attempts to determine connections between glaciers' winter mass balance and meteorological factors of winter seasons. Detailed analysis was carried out between the snow accumulation of Austre Broggerbreen and the meteorological data from Ny-Alesund station (Kongsfjord region) from 1975 to 1998. Relation has been found between the snow accumulation and warm and humid air masses frequency in winter seasons (X - V). Those masses are mainly from southerly and southwesterly directions for Svalbard. The winter mass balance shows very clear connection with air temperature and precipitation factors of winter seasons (sum of winter precipitation, number of days with precipitation intensity >= 5 mm per day, winter mean air temperature, and number of days with maximum daily air temperature >= 0°C). A particularly close connection is observed between winter mass balance and number of days with precipitation intensity >= 5 mm per day at the positive daily maximum air temperature (LPTmax) (r = 0.81) - Fig. 8. The winter mass balance multiply regression (Wb) was worked with the use of the elementary meteorological factors: the average winter temperature (T) and the sum of precipitation in the same period (P). On the basis of the multiply regression of winter balance it is possible to predict snow accumulation changes. Over the next 50 years the winter snow accumulation of Austre Broggerbreen could increase about 15% if the scenario of climatic changes by Hanssen-Bauer (2002b) is used. If, in addition, one assumes the stability of ablation, the mass balance of glaciers will rise by 24%, but the mass balance will still be negative.