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1

Czy ogrzewanie elektryczne może być opłacalne: ukraińskie doświadczenia

Szkarowski A., Kolienko A.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2013

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Tom 15, cz. 1

892--903

EN

Incentive of development of electric heating systems is the continuous growth of the gas fuel price and the corresponding tariffs for thermal energy in the centralized systems of a heat supply. However the electricity is the secondary energy carrier in relation to chemical energy of organic fuel. Higher efficiency of electric boilers economically collapses by extremely low efficiency of electricity generation at the thermal power plants. To municipal consumers use of electricity is 1.4 times more expensive than heat from the centralized sources, and to individual consumers – 2.3 times. But the multirate system of payment for electricity allows to accumulate energy at night, with payment on the lowest tariff, and to use it throughout the day. Fig. 1 shows the schematic diagram of such heating system. The authors developed the procedure of definition of two most important characteristics of electro-accumulation heating systems: the required power of electric heaters and necessary volume of the storage tank. Fig. 2–4 show the dependence of the required relative electrical power of system on the external temperature and time of the consumption of electric power. Fig. 5 shows the dependence of the necessary relative volume of the storage tank on external temperature. This capacity will allow heating system to work in the course of twenty-four hours, consuming electric power only at the preferential tariff at night. The need of positioning the storage tank of large sizes and modernization of the feeding electrical networks remain the serious problems of the accumulation systems of electro-heating. Based on the above results, authors came to opinion that application of the considered technical solution has limited opportunities, but can be paid back in case of application of stimulating many-part tariffs for the electric power.

2

Kontrola jakości gazu narzędziem oszczędzania energii

Szkarowski A., Janta-Lipińska S., Kolienko A.

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2013

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Nr 4

146--150

PL

Artykuł składa się z trzech głównych punktów. W punkcie pierwszym przedstawiona jest kontrola wilgotności paliwa gazowego. Skupiono się na problematyce wilgotności tego paliwa. Opisano negatywne skutki oddziaływania zawartej w postaci aerozolu wody na proces spalania paliwa gazowego. Punkt drugi zawiera kontrolę składu i właściwości fizyko-chemicznych gazu. Zwrócono uwagę na utrzymanie stałych właściwości fizyko-chemicznych paliwa, które odgrywają ważną rolę w utrzymaniu prawidłowej pracy palników i urządzeń gazowych. W skrócie omówiono charakterystyki oraz parametry pracy palników. W dalszej części punktu drugiego skupiono się na liczbie Wobbe, która ma duży wpływ na kryterium zmienności paliw gazowych oraz przeprowadzono analizę wpływu wahań właściwości gazu palnego i powietrza nadmuchowego na zmianę parametrów pracy urządzeń gazowych, którą przedstawiono w tabeli. Punktem istotnym powyższej tematyki artykułu jest szereg negatywnych, jak również pozytywnych wnioskowań dotyczących problematyki i analiz wahań wilgotności, składu fizyko-chemicznych charakterystyk paliw gazowych dostarczanych odbiorcom z sieci rozdzielczych oraz jakości i stabilności składu gazu ziemnego.

EN

This paper presents results of the studies of the network gas quality and its delivery to customer mode, what has a great influence on energy savings. Efficiency and ecological characteristics of the gas fuel devices have been discussed. This paper consists of three parts. The humidity control of the gas aspects have been presented in the first part. Negative results of the influence of the aerosol water on the fuel combustion process have been described. The second part of the manuscript shows composition and physical as well as chemical properties of the gas control aspects. Ac-cording to proper work of the gas devices, considerations about retain of constant physical and chemical properties of the fuel has been highlighted. Characteristics and parameters of the gas rings work have been shortly discussed. Influence of the Wobbe number on the variability of the gas criteria has been presented. Investigations of the influence of the instability of the flammable gas and air properties have been done. At the end of the paper we present final conclusions about humidity of the gas fluctuations, physical and chemical composition of the gas fuel characteristics and quality of the ground gas stability.

3

Produkcja i wykorzystanie syntez-gazu z niskowartościowych gatunków paliwa

Kolienko V., Kolienko A.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2011

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Tom 13

471-483

PL

Gaz ziemny i ropa są głównymi rodzajami paliwa na Ukrainie. W roku 2009 poziom wykorzystania gazu ziemnego w kraju wyniósł 67 miliardów m3 w tym do 18 miliardów m3 zużyto przez ludność na cele grzewcze. Udział paliwa stałego w paliwowo-energetycznym bilansie kraju nie przekraczał 18% [2]. Sytuacja komplikuje się w związku z nadchodzącym w ciągu najbliższych lat wzrostem cen za nośniki energii. Zgodnie z prognozami do roku 2010 cena za gaz ziemny, wykorzystywany przez ludność na cele ogrzewania, może wzrosnąć do poziomu 3100÷5000 hrywien (ok. 1150÷1850 zł) za tys. m3 czyli 3,6÷5,7 razy w porównaniu z dniem dzisiejszym.

EN

Increase of cost and limited actual reserves of natural gas and oil lead to necessity of diversification of fuel and utilization of law grade domestic types of fuel. Utilization of such types of fuel by their preliminary gasification with the receipt of synthetic gas and its subsequent burning gives a possibility to avoid many problems which are pertinent of burning law grade solid fuels. These problems include emission of fuel dust and chemical products of incomplete burning, low efficiency of heat generators. The paper discusses the heat balance of gas generator with external heating up for receipt of synthetic gas. There has been received a solution of a set of equations which gives an opportunity to identify constructive dimensions of a gas generator for different types of solid fuel and productivity of the installation. Dependencies and monographic charts have been developed for identification of share of synthetic gas in the mixture with the natural gas to allow burning of synthetic gas without any changes in the design of furnace burners used to burn natural gas. Design of a combined gas burning installation for burning mixture of synthetic gas and natural gas was also developed below allowable changes of interchangeability criterion of Wobbe. It has been demonstrated that the saving of fuel by applying synthetic gas, for example sunflower pellets, reaches 14 tons of fuel equivalent (fuel with burning heat around 29.4 MJ/kg) for every 1,000 GJ of heat produced. Ecological effect of utilizing synthetic gas from low grade types of domestic solid fuels and agricultural production waste has been demonstrated.

4

Analiza optymalnych kierunków rozwoju ciepłownictwa na Ukrainie

Kolienko A.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2007

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Tom 9

77-93

EN

Strategic problems of communal heat supply development in Ukraine include issues concerning heat sources power rating (fig. 1) and degree of atomization of heating supply. The solution of a given problem should be done considering two aspects: ?? the chosen decision should provide minimal expenditure of fuel and demand for power saving as well as its effectiveness, the second, the chosen decision should provide heat to communal users and have optimal ecological characteristics, the given criteria should be main in worth wile of investigation in the field of communal heat supply. The main kind of fuel used in Ukraine is natural gas. Reduction kinds of energy for this purpose practically are not used. Existing conditions of natural gas deficit in Ukraine which wants to survive and be economically independent, requires energy saving. According to official information, capacity of energy saving in Ukraine is 40- 45%. Investigations in this field show that it reaches 53% (fig. 2). The main part of losses belongs to heat users. Due to this fact it is necessary to start reconstruction of heat supply system with energy saving characteristics of users. During last 5-6 years the innovations that gave the possibility for the development of autonomous heat supply were introduced into civil engineering literature: installation of individual heating in 10-storied buildings was permitted, installation of roof boiler rooms was allowed, construction of built-in and additional heat boiler of small rate (about 200 kW) became possible. But some problems left and they are the following: installation of heating boilers with open (not hermetic) category of combustion was permitted. Thus, the majority of heating boilers proposed in Ukrainian market are boilers with injector burners. The high level of toxic combustion products is characteristic as well as dependence on burning process effectiveness in chimney, low coefficient of productivity and chimney draught (fig. 4, 5, 6), capacity of low pressure gas pipes in dwellings, problems with throw of exhausted products into atmosphere from autonomous boilers, different tariffs for natural gas for autonomous and centralized heat supply. Generally, installation of autonomous systems of heat supply results in bigger consumption and can't be energy saving. The solution of communal system of heat supply problem should be done on the base of technical and economical factor in condition of similar tariffs on gas fuel. The problem solution should be done concerning the development of other engineering systems of municipal economy.