In contrast to the escalating materialism and consumerism, more and more trends are emerging, aiming to reduce the negative effects of consumption on the environment and society. Responsible consumption is not only one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals of the UN, but also an important way of implementing the remainder. The purpose of this article is to encapsulate the concept of a responsible consumer in the context of consumer behaviour noticeable nowadays, in view of the current topic, primarily based on a web and desk research analysis.
Lab-on-a-chip systems are promising tools in the field of cell engineering. Microfluidic systems are integrated microlaboratories consisting of many microstructures such as microchannels and microchambers, which can be used for cell analysis and cell culture. Appropriately designed geometry of the chip allows to mimic in vivo conditions. Microsystems enables continuous culture medium perfusion. During cell culture, regulation of the flow rate of medium is possible, which allows to control conditions of the cultivation. In this paper we present a review of microfluidics systems which are used in cell engineering. We describe methods of microsystems fabrication, parameters which influence cell proliferation in microscale and examples of microsystems for cell analysis and cell culturing. Microfluidic systems for maintaining cell culture are mainly fabricated of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and glass, non-toxic materials for cells. The most commonly used method for fabrication of PDMS microsystems is photolithography and replica molding techniques. Cell culture in microsystems can be carried out in two ways: as a two-dimensional (2D) cell culture and three-dimensional (3D) cell culture. In two-dimensional culture cells grow as a monolayer on a flat surface of microchambers or microchannels. Microsystems for two-dimensional cell culture are widely described in the literature. They are mainly used for: (i) cell proliferation after exposure to external stimuli, (ii) testing the activity of cytotoxic drugs, (iii) interactions and cell migration and (iv) the evaluation of procedures applicable in tumor therapy e. g. photodynamic therapy. However, two-dimensional cell culture do not mimic fully in vivo conditions. In living organisms cells grow spatially creating three-dimensional structures like tissues. Therefore, nowadays microsystems for 3D cell culture are being developed intensively. Three-dimensional cell culture in microfluidic systems can be achieved in three ways: by the design of suitable geometry and topography of microchannels, by the use of hydrogels or by spheroids formation. Three-dimensional cell culture in microfluidic systems are much better experimental in vitro models than cell culture in traditional culture vessels. It is the main reason why microsystems should be still improved, as to become widely used research tools in cellular engineering.
This paper aims at estimating influence of selected herbicides on earthworms Eisenia fetida and Dendrobaena veneta survival abilities in toxic environment and on their reproduction cycle. Parameters taken into account: – changes in fatality rate after applying toxins compared with the control, – number of laid cocoons and hatchings, – lethal concentration (LC50). Herbicides containing the following active substances: urea, aminophosphonic and phenoxyacid were chosen, as chemical material. Earthworm responded differently to every herbicide. Significant decrease in body weight under the influence of linuron and decrease of the hatching rate under the influence of gliphosate and phenoxyacids.
PL
Celem przeprowadzonych badań było określenie toksycznego wpływu wybranych środków ochrony roślin na dżdżownice E. fetida i D. veneta na ich zdolność do przeżywania w środowisku oraz reprodukcję. Pod uwagę wzięto takie parametry, jak: - zmiany w liczebności po zastosowaniu środka chemicznego w porównaniu z kontrolą, - liczba składanych kokonów i wylęg, - średnie stężenie śmiertelne (LC50). Jako materiał chemiczny wybrano herbicydy zawierające substancje czynne z grupy: mocznikowej, aminofosfonianowej i fenoksykwasów. Reakcja dżdżownic na zastosowane herbicydu była różna. Zaobserwowano znaczne zmniejszenie masy ciała pod wpływem linuronu oraz spadek liczby wylęgających się osobników pod wpływem glifosatu i związków z grupy fenoksykwasów.
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The objective of this study was to determine the effect of soil contamination with fungicides, Unix 75 WG (cyprodinil) and Riza 250 EW (tebuconazole), and insecticides, Nomolt 150 SC (teflubenzuron) and Dursban 480 EC (chlorpyrifos), on the deamination of DL-alanine and DL-aspartic acid in brown soil with the granulometric composition of loamy sand (pHKCl 6.6). A laboratory experiment was carried out in glass beakers (100 cm3) containing 50 g samples of soil mixed with one of the studied amino acids as the source of organic nitrogen (0.250 mg N×kg–1 soil) and an insecticide/fungicide dose of 0, 0.5, 5.0, 50 and 500 mgźkg–1 d.m. soil on active ingredient basis. Soil moisture was brought to the level of 60% capillary water capacity with the use of demineralized water, and the samples were incubated at 25°C. The N-NH4 and N-NO3 content of soil was determined colorimetrically at 12-hour intervals (0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h). The results of the experiment indicate that fungicides and insecticides affected the deamination of organic nitrogen sources, and the direction and force of those reactions was determined by the type and dose of the crop protection chemical and the date of analysis. Tebuconazole and chlorpyrifos had more adverse effects on amino acid mineralization than cyprodinil and teflubenzuron.
PL
Celem podj.tych bada. by.o okre.lenie wp.ywu zanieczyszczenia gleby fungicydami Unix 75 WG (cyprodinil) i Riza 250 EW (tebukonazol) oraz insektycydami: Nomolt 150 SC (teflubenzuron) i Dursban 480 EC (chloropiryfos) na deaminacji DL-alaniny i kwasu L-asparaginowego w glebie brunatnej o składzie granulometrycznym piasku gliniastego (pHKCl 6,6). Do.wiadczenie laboratoryjne przeprowadzono w zlewkach szklanych (100 cm3), w ktorych umieszczono po 50 g gleby wymieszanej z jednym z aminokwasow jako źrodłem azotu organicznego (0, 250 mg Nl-kg .1gleby) oraz odpowiedni. dawk. insektycydu, w przeliczeniu na substancję czynną: 0; 0,5; 5,0; 50; 500 mg�Ekg.1 s.m. gleby. Następnie wilgotność gleby doprowadzono do 60% kapilarnej pojemności wodnej za pomocą wody demineralizowanej i inkubowano w temperaturze 25oC. Zawartość N-NH4 i N-NO3 w glebie oznaczono kolorymetrycznie w odst.pach 12-godzinnych (0, 12, 24 36 i 48 h). W wyniku badań stwierdzono, że fungicydy i insektycydy wpływały na przebieg deaminacji organicznych źrodeł azotu, a kierunek i siła ich oddziaływania były uwarunkowane rodzajem środka ochrony roślin, jego dawkę i terminem badań. Tebukonazol i chloropiryfos wywierały większy negatywny wpływ na przebieg procesu mineralizacji aminokwasów w porównaniu z cyprodinilem i teflubenzuronem.