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1

Influence of the type of layered distribution of rubber recyclate as an additive modifying the mechanical properties of epoxy-glass composites

Abramczyk N., Żuk D., Panasiuk K., Dyl T.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 118, nr 2

61--66

EN

Purpose: The research aimed to determine the effect of adding rubber recyclate as a sandwich layer of sandwich composites made based on glass mat and epoxy resin EPO 652. Design/methodology/approach: Four types of research materials with a 5% addition of rubber recyclate and with different ways of layer distribution in the composite and one variant without the addition of recyclate as a comparative material were produced for the study. Samples made of the materials in question were subjected to a static tensile test to determine the changes in strength parameters caused by the addition and distribution of the modifier. Findings: Four types of research materials with a 5% addition of rubber recyclate and with different ways of layer distribution in the composite and one variant without the addition of recyclate as a comparative material were produced for the study. Samples made of the materials in question were subjected to a static tensile test to determine the changes in strength parameters caused by the addition and distribution of the modifier. Research limitations/implications: As a result of the conducted research, the fundamental influence of the recyclate additive and its distribution method on the changes in parameters recorded during the static tensile test was clearly found. Practical implications: The analyses carried out enable the selection of the optimal material variant depending on the intended application. Originality/value: The analysis of the preliminary results obtained during the research showed that epoxy-glass composites based on EPO 652 resin with the addition of rubber recyclate in the form of two and three sandwich layers have better strength parameters than the composite with random addition of recyclate to the matrix. The material characterized by the highest plasticity is a variant with two layers of recyclate spacers. At the same time, it can be stated that the highest values of relative deformation ε obtained a composite with one sandwich layer of rubber recyclate.

2

Influence of the content of a glass-polyester recycled additive on the properties of layered composites in dynamic tests

Panasiuk K., Hajdukiewicz G.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2018

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nr 56 (128)

36--40

EN

Polyester-glass composites are widely used in many industries, in various types of constructions, including dynamically loaded ones. This article examines the influence of the content of a glass-polyester recycled additive on the strength properties of layered composites. The recyclate was polyester-glass waste, which was pre-crushed and then milled into the appropriate fractions. Manual laminating technology was used to make the materials. The composite materials were made with a waste content of 0%, 10%, 20% and granulations of ≥ 1.2 mm and ≥ 3 mm. Samples for testing were prepared in accordance with the PN-EN ISO 179-1: 2010E standard (Plastics – Charpy Impact Assessment – Part 1: Non-instrumental impact test). Impact tests of the samples were performed using the Charpy method with the Zwick Roell RKP450 swinging hammer. The test results showed that the addition of polyester-glass recyclate, its content %, and its granulation size, have an impact on the composite resistance to loads in dynamic tests.

3

Analysis of technologies for producing composites with polyester-glass recyclate

Panasiuk K.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Marynarki Wojennej

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2018

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R. 59 nr 3 (214)

63--73

EN

The aim of the article was to present selected methods for the production of layered composites in the aspect of the additive in the form of polyester-glass recyclate. The polyester-glass recyclate was obtained from the original composite material from which the ship’s hull was made in Poland in the 1980s. The article presents the technology of processing polyester-glass waste in order to obtain recyclate. The methods of manual lamination, vacuum bag method and vacuum infusion were described successively. The advantages and disadvantages of particular technologies have been presented in terms of the possibility of their use in the production of polyester-glass recycled composites. From the described and verified technologies, the vacuum bag method can be the most advantageous for composites with recyclate.

PL

Celem artykułu było przedstawienie wybranych metod wytwarzania kompozytów warstwowych z dodatkiem recyklatu poliestrowo-szklanego. Recyklat poliestrowo-szklany został otrzymany z oryginalnego materiału kompozytowego, z którego wykonany jest kadłub statku wyprodukowanego w Polsce w latach osiemdziesiątych XX wieku. Przedstawiono technologię przetwarzania odpadów poliestrowo-szklanych w celu otrzymania recyklatu. Opisano kolejno metody laminowania ręcznego, metodą worka próżniowego oraz infuzji próżniowej na podstawie własnych badań. Scharakteryzowano zalety oraz wady poszczególnych technologii pod kątem kompozytów z recyklatem poliestrowo-szklanym. Z opisanych i zweryfikowanych technologii najkorzystniejsza dla kompozytów z recyklatem wydaje się metoda worka próżniowego.

4

The influence of granulation and content of polyester-glass waste on properties of composites

Kyzioł L., Panasiuk K., Hajdukiewicz G.

Journal of KONES

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2018

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Vol. 25, No. 4

223--229

EN

Glass fibre reinforced composites are used in many branches of industry. Polyester-glass laminates serve as structural material in shipbuilding (e.g. hulls of units, superstructures), in railways, automotive (e.g. elements of car bodies and interior fittings, roofs of wagons, cisterns) or aviation (e.g. aircraft fuselages, fuel tanks, completion beaks and ballasts). Factors affecting the increase of their use include low specific gravity, optimal strength properties, corrosion resistance. This is associated with a large amount of post-production and post-use waste. The recycling problem of these materials remains unresolved. The article presents the technology of processing polyester-glass waste in order to obtain a recycle with a specific granulation. The selected technology for the production of layered composites with reinforcement in the form of recycle is described. For testing, granulation was selected for 1.2 and 3 mm, as well as content: 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%. Using the water-cutting method, samples were prepared according to the standard static tensile test for plastics. The tests were carried out using a universal testing machine as well as an extensometer for samples with granulation of 1.2 mm and 3 mm, as well as the selected recycled percentage. Obtained results of the research indicated that granulation as well as content affects the strength properties of composites. As the granulation increases, at the same content, the material gains less deformation. The increase in the amount of the recycle reduces the strength properties of the material, and also due to the decrease in the deformation value - the material becomes brittle.

5

Resistance to aging research in sea water composites with the polyester-glass recyclate

Hajdukiewicz G., Panasiuk K., Kyzioł L.

Journal of KONES

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2018

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Vol. 25, No. 3

219--225

EN

Composites are materials used for various types of constructions in the automotive industry, aviation, and shipbuilding. Due to the wide use of these materials, there is a problem with their recycling. Such material requires appropriate processing technology, which has been developed to obtain a recyclate with a specific granulation. The use of hand laminating technology made composites with the addition of polyester and glass recyclate with granulation of 1.2, as well as content: 0%, 20%, 30%. These types of materials are exposed to various types of atmospheric factors that affect their durability. Aging is defined as changes in the composite when exposed to atmospheric conditions, such as sunlight, temperature, thermal cycles, water in various forms and wind. This article uses recycled polyester and glass composites to investigate the effect of aging in seawater on their strength properties. These tests can be used to pre-assess the applicability of newly developed materials as construction or protective coatings. They were carried out on a specially prepared station for accelerated tests, with elevated temperature (35ºCC), as well as brine spray imitating sea atmosphere. The method is used to accelerate the aging processes occurring in composite materials. Samples were subjected to cycles of 5, 30 and 60 days respectively. Samples were weighed and measured before and after each cycle. In order to investigate the effect of aging on strength properties, the composites underwent a static tensile test in accordance with the standard for plastics. Studies have shown that as a result of the aging process, the strength properties decrease slightly, which affects the favourable assessment of these materials as constructional.

6

Production of composites with added waste polyester-glass with their initial mechanical properties

Panasiuk K., Hajdukiewicz G.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2017

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nr 52 (124)

30--36

EN

In this article the problem of plastic recycling, and in particular waste polyester-glass, has been described. In brief, the technology for the production of new composite materials by hand, made by the contact method, using the matrix filling in the form of polyester-glass waste coming from worn-out laminates used in the construction of ship hulls. The waste used was a powdered mixture of resin particles, glass fibers, and composite particle agglomerates. A method for producing composite panels with a recyclate content of between 10% and 30% was carried out. The samples were then manufactured according to the requirements of the standard, i.e. PN-EN ISO 527-4_2000P. Samples obtained from the test plates were subjected to a static stretch test, to verify the impact of the integrated wastes on the mechanical properties of the composite. Photographs of the structure of the obtained material have also been presented. These photos showed significant differences in the composition of the resulting composites determined by the amount of waste material used. Analysis of the results indicated that increasing the amount of recyclate reduces the value of the material’s strength limit and also reduces the plasticity of the material. This article has provided an introduction to more comprehensive research on the recycling of plastics.

7

Technologie wytwarzania półfabrykatów wałków rozrządu do silników okrętowych

Panasiuk K.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni

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2017

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nr 100

152--163

PL

W artykule podjęto kwestię wytwarzania półfabrykatów wałków rozrządu do silników okrętowych. Wyjaśniono pojęcia oraz przekazano istotę technologii kucia. Scharakteryzowano kucie swobodne i matrycowe oraz maszyny i narzędzia stosowane w tym procesie technologicznym. Opisano też sposoby odlewania wałków rozrządu i wytwarzania półfabrykatów, ich modelowania za pomocą właściwych obrabiarek i nowych technologii – hydroforming.

EN

The paper presents the production of semi-finished camshafts for marine engines. It explains the concept and shows the essence of forging technology. Hammer forging and stamping as well as machines and tools used in this process are characterized. The article also describes methods of casting camshafts and production of semi-finished products, their modeling using appropriate slicers and new technology – hydroforming.

8

Proces technologiczny kucia półfabrykatu wałka rozrządu

Panasiuk K.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni

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2017

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nr 100

141--151

PL

W artykule podjęto temat procesu technologicznego kucia półfabrykatu wałka rozrządu. Scharakteryzowano materiały stosowane na półfabrykaty wałków rozrządu. Określono warunki doboru technologii wytwarzania półfabrykatów. Przedstawiono proces kucia i matrycowania. Dokonano też opisu prac kończących produkcję półfabrykatów wałków rozrządu. Opracowano kartę technologiczną dla procesu kucia.

EN

The article presents technological process of forging blank camshafts. It describes materials used on the camshafts blanks. The paper also sets out the conditions for the selection of manufacturing technology of semi-finished products. It shows the process of forging and stamping. The ending work in the production process of semi-finished products is described. The card for forging process of semi-finished camshafts is developed.

9

Influence of effectiveness speed in mechanical properties of AW6060 T66 (PA38) alloy

Panasiuk K.

Journal of KONES

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2017

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Vol. 24, No. 4

219--226

EN

The article examines the effect of the change in the speed of deformation on the mechanical properties of AW 6060 alloy specimens, characterized by high mechanical strength, which is a material used in the shipbuilding industry. The theoretical basis for the influence of load speed on the mechanical properties of materials is presented. Static and dynamic tensile test was conducted on a universal testing machine. Dynamic stretching was performed on samples at 10–1 s–1 – 102 s–1. Done charts and tables showing results. Calculated in accordance with DIN EN ISO 6892-1 2010P total elongation and contraction of the sample. Comparison of the results of the study with the current knowledge of the subject. Material studies have shown that increasing the deformation rate results in an increase in the yield point and tensile strength. On the basis of calculations of the narrowing and elongation of the total sample, the material can be strengthened. The rate of deformation of the materials is favourable for their strengthening by increasing the limit of tensile strength. Given that most of the design is subject to dynamic loads and the aluminum alloy AW 6060 finds extensive use in shipbuilding and beyond, these are satisfactory results.