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Research of Nitrogen Oxides Concentrations in Exhaust Gas of Compression Ignition Engine Fuelled with Alternative Fuel

Sikora Mieczysław, Orliński Piotr, Bednarski Mateusz

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2021

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Vol. 15, no 2

75--83

EN

The research was divided into two stages. The first stage of work was to perform empirical research using the Perkins engine. The test stand was equipped with an exhaust gas composition analyzer, a pressure sensor enabling measurement of pressure in the engine cylinder and a crankshaft position sensor. This stage of research was realized for diesel and UCOME fuel. The second stage was a simulation test. The Zeldowicz model of thermal NO formation in compression ignition engines was used for calculations. Theoretical methods were compared with the results obtained in empirical tests. It was found that the most similar results of tests when powering the engine with UCOME fuel were obtained thanks to the GRI-MECH 3.0 (GM3) method. On the basis of this method, coefficients of the reaction rate of NO formation in an internal combustion engine, which is powered by the higher generation alternative fuel (Sikora et al. (S) method) were developed. For the calculation tests the values of the experimentally determined pressures were used. The proposed method can be used in simulation tests of a diesel engine running on FAME fuels with similar physical and chemical properties as the UCOME fuel. This will significantly reduce the costs of such tests, as some empirical tests can be eliminated by the conclusions of the simulation tests.

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Ocena teoretycznych metod wyznaczania stężenia tlenków azotu w gazach wylotowych z silnika o zapłonie samoczynnym zasilanego ciekłym paliwem alternatywnym

Sikora Mieczysław, Orliński Piotr, Bednarski Mateusz

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2020

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T. 99, nr 8

1138--1141

PL

Przeprowadzono testy symulacyjne dla oleju napędowego (ON) i estrów metylowych kwasów tłuszczowych otrzymanych ze zużytego oleju kuchennego. Podstawą obliczeń był proces termicznego tworzenia się NO zgodnie z mechanizmem Zeldowicza dla silników Diesla. Współczynniki szybkości reakcji wyznaczono metodami Baulcha, GRI-MECH 3.0 i Heywooda. Stężenie NO obliczone metodą GRI-MECH było najbliższe wynikom doświadczalnym. Metoda ta może znaleźć potencjalne zastosowanie do szacowania rzeczywistych stężeń NO powstającego w silniku spalinowym napędzanym paliwem alternatywnym i innymi paliwami wyższej generacji o podobnych właściwościach fizykochemicznych.

EN

Simulation tests were carried out for diesel oil (ON) and fatty acid Me esters obtained from used cooking oil. The calcs. were based on thermal NO formation according to the Zeldovich mechanism for diesel engines. Reaction rate coeffs. detd. by Baulch, GRI-MECH 3.0 (G) and Heywood were used. The NO concn. calcd. by method (G) was closest to the results of the exptl. detd. NO concn. and was the best method to demonstrate the actual NO concs. formed in an internal combustion engine fueled with alternative fuel and other higher generations fuels with similar phys. and chem. properties.

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Theoretical analysis of determining the thermal efficiency in engine with Atkinson cycle

Sikora Mieczysław, Orliński Piotr, Bednarski Mateusz, Wojs Marcin K.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów / Politechnika Warszawska

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2019

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z. 1/119

43--53

EN

In this work, the thermal efficiency in an engine with the Atkinson cycle was determined. The authorsof the work showed a significant increase in the overall efficiency of the engine operating according to the Atkinson cycle in relation to the engine working according to the Otto, Diesel and Sabathe cycles. The article presents the results of simulation studies on the efficiency of an internal combustion engine operating according to the Atkinson cycle and comparative cycles: Otto, Diesel, and Sabathe. The simulation tests were carried out taking into account the type of the theoretical working factor ofthe thermal cycles. The work has determined the degree of isobaric volume change in the Atkinson cycle and its influence on the theoretical efficiency of the cycle.

PL

W niniejszym artykule dokonano teoretycznej analizy wyznaczania sprawności ogólnej silnika cieplnego pracującego według obiegu Atkinsona. Autorzy pracy wykazali wystąpienie znaczącego wzrostu sprawności ogólnej silnika pracującego według obiegu Atkinsona w stosunku do silnika pracującego według obiegów Otto, Diesla i Sabathe’a. W artykule przedstawione zostały wyniki badań symulacyjnych dotyczących sprawności silnika spalinowego pracującego według obiegu Atkinsona oraz porównawczo obiegów: Otta, Diesla i Sabathe. Badania symulacyjne przeprowadzone zostały w uwzględnieniem rodzaju czynnika roboczego teoretycznego obiegu cieplnego. W pracy został wyznaczony stopień izobarycznej zmiany objętości w obiegu Atkinsona oraz jego wpływ na sprawność teoretyczną obiegu.

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The legitimacy of using hybrid vehicles in urban conditions in relation to empirical studies in the WLTC cycle

Orliński Piotr, Gis Maciej, Bednarski Mateusz, Novak Nejc, Samoilenko Dmytro, Prokhorenko Andriy

Journal of Machine Construction and Maintenance - Problemy Eksploatacji

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2019

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no. 1

25--30

EN

Air pollution in cities is an increasing problem. The increased concentration of toxic harmful substances, including PM10 and PM2.5, is noticeable in the autumn and spring period. This is when the heating period begins. However, the industrial sector is not always responsible for air pollution. Transport also has its share. The share of transport depends on the terrain and buildings. The lack of proper air flow causes emitted suspended dust and other particulates to remain above the city creating smog. In Poland, there are up to 40,000 deaths per year because of PM10 and PM2.5 emissions. The same problem applies to other European cities. Therefore, it is necessary to take specific measures to limit as much as possible the emission of toxic substances. In the case of activities in the transport sector, several solutions are possible. One of them is the use of vehicles with alternative power systems. In the short-term, it is reasonable to use hybrid alternative drives. In order to verify the advantages of using vehicles with hybrid systems, the authors of the article performed comparative tests on a chassis dynamometer. The objects of the study were two vehicles - one with a classic propulsion system and the other with a hybrid system in the current WLTC homologation cycle (WLTP procedure).

PL

Zanieczyszczenie powietrza w miastach stanowi coraz większy problem. Zwiększone stężenia toksycznych szkodliwych substancji, w tym PM10 i PM2.5, jest zauważalne jesienią i wiosną. Jest to początek okresu grzewczego. Jednak sektor przemysłowy nie zawsze jest odpowiedzialny za zanieczyszczenie powietrza. Transport ma również swój udział. Udział transportu zależy od terenu i budynków. Brak odpowiedniego przepływu powietrza powoduje emisję między innymi zawieszonego pyłu, który pozostaje nad miastem, tworząc smog. W Polsce umiera do 40 000 osób rocznie z powodu PM10 i PM2,5. Ten sam problem dotyczy innych miast europejskich. Dlatego konieczne jest podjęcie szczególnych środków w celu ograniczenia w jak największym stopniu emisji toksycznych substancji. W przypadku działań w sektorze transportu możliwe są różne rozwiązania. Jednym z nich jest wykorzystanie pojazdów z alternatywnymi systemami energetycznymi. W perspektywie krótkoterminowej rozsądne jest stosowanie hybrydowych alternatywnych napędów. Aby zweryfikować zalety stosowania pojazdów z układami hybrydowymi, autorzy artykułu przeprowadzili testy porównawcze na hamowni podwoziowej. Przedmiotem badań były dwa pojazdy - jeden z klasycznym układem napędowym, a drugi z układem hybrydowym, w aktualnym cyklu homologacji WLTC (procedura WLTP).

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An attempt to reduce the emission of spark-ignition engine with mixtures of bioethanol and gasoline as substitute fuels

Gis Wojciech, Gis Maciej, Wiśniowski Piotr, Bednarski Mateusz

Journal of KONES

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2019

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Vol. 26, No. 3

31--38

EN

Limiting emissions of harmful substances is a key task for vehicle manufacturers. Excessive emissions have a negative impact not only on the environment, but also on human life. A significant problem is the emission of nitrogen oxides as well as solid particles, in particular those up to a diameter of 2.5 microns. Carbon dioxide emissions are also a problem. Therefore, work is underway on the use of alternative fuels to power the vehicle engines. The importance of alternative fuels applies to spark ignition engines. The authors of the article have done simulation tests of the Renault K4M 1.6 16v traction engine for emissions for fuels with a volumetric concentration of bioethanol from 10 to 85 percent. The analysis was carried out for mixtures as substitute fuels – without doing any structural changes in the engine's crankshafts. Emission of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, oxygen at full throttle for selected rotational speeds as well as selected engine performance parameters such as maximum power, torque, hourly and unit fuel consumption were determined. On the basis of the simulation tests performed, the reasonableness of using the tested alternative fuels was determined on the example of the drive unit without affecting its constructions, in terms of e.g. issue. Maximum power, torque, and fuel consumption have also been examined and compared. Thus, the impact of alternative fuels will be determined not only in terms of emissions, but also in terms of impact on the parameters of the power unit.

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Evaluation of the effect of the addition of bioethanol to gas oil on coking diesel engine injector terminals

Orliński Piotr, Wojs Marcin K., Bednarski Mateusz, Sikora Mieczysław

Combustion Engines

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2019

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R. 58, nr 3

71--75

EN

The article presents the results of empirical research and their analysis regarding the impact of diesel oil and diesel oil mixture with bioethanol on coking the test injector nozzles of the XUD9 engine from PSA. The research included three fuel deals: diesel fuel as the base fuel and diesel oil mix with ONE10 bioethanol (10% bioethanol plus diesel oil (V/V)), ONE20 (20% bioethanol plus diesel oil (V/V)). They were conducted on the basis of CEC PF-023 developed by CEC (Coordinating European Council). Each of the abovementioned fuels was tested using a new set of injectors. The propensity of the fuel for coking the injector tips was expressed as a percentage reduction in the air flow through the nozzles of each injector for the given sheer increments. The test result was the average percentage of airflow reduction for all nozzles at 0.1 mm spike increments and was measured according to ISO 4010 "Diesel engines. Calibrating nozzle, delay pintle type”. The test results for individual atomizers of the above-mentioned test engine in the area of sediment formation from flowing fuel shown a lower tendency to coke the injectors using diesel fuel-bioethanol in comparison to the use of pure diesel oil. Based on the CEC PF-023 test, it can be noticed that the level of contamination of the tested injectors for ONE10 fuel is about 3% lower, and for ONE20 fuel is about 4% lower than the level of pollution for diesel fuel.

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Determination of pollutant emission of electric vehicle in real traffic conditions in Poland

Gis Maciej, Bednarski Mateusz, Lasocki Jakub

Combustion Engines

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2019

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R. 58, nr 3

9--14

EN

Alternative drives have an increasing share in the global, European and Polish market. The city authorities support primarily the development of electromobility. Progress in these issues is also noticeable in Poland. The increasing number of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) requires increasing energy costs of the country. Therefore, it is necessary to increase energy production. This work estimates how large this energy surplus should be. For this purpose, it was necessary to determine the average energy consumption of an electric vehicle in real traffic conditions, and then to calculate the average energy demand for a selected number of vehicles. Obtained results were related to pollutant emission considered in the well-to-wheel perspective (including generation of electricity). In the article, the authors also referred to the minimum number of charging stations for electric vehicles on the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) in Poland. This is a necessary condition on which depends the use of BEV vehicles not only on the territory of cities, but also throughout the country.

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Comparative tests of a passenger car with compression ignition engine on chassis dynamometer during NEDC and WLTC tests and during RDE road test

Gis Wojciech, Gis Maciej, Wiśniowski Piotr, Bednarski Mateusz

Combustion Engines

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2019

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R. 58, nr 3

228--234

EN

Air pollution is a challenge for municipal authorities. Increased emission of PM10 and PM2.5 particles is particularly noticeable in Poland primarily the autumn and winter period. That is due to the start of the heating season. According to the above data, road transport accounted for approximately 5% of the creation of PM10 particles, ca. 7% of PM2.5 and approximately 32% for NOx. In Poland, suspended particles (PM10 and PM2.5) cause deaths of as many as 45,000 people a year. The issue of smog also affects other European cities. Therefore, it is necessary to undertake concrete efforts in order to reduce vehicle exhaust emissions as much as possible. It is therefore justifiable to reduce the emission of exhaust pollution, particularly NOx, PM, PN by conventional passenger cars powered by compression ignition engines. Emissions by these passenger cars have been reduced systematically. Comparative tests of the above emission of exhaust pollution were conducted on chassis dynamometer of such passenger car in NEDC cycle and in the new WLTC cycle in order to verify the level of emissions from this type of passenger car. Measurements of fuel consumption by that car were also taken. Emission of exhaust pollution and fuel consumption of the this car were also taken in the RDE road test.