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Suspension fertilizers based on alternative raw materials : the key to sustainability and closed nutrient cycles

Gorazda Katarzyna, Kominko Halyna, Nowak Anna K., Wiśniak Adam

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2023

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Vol. 49, no 3

38--49

EN

The rapid, high increase in production costs and prices of mineral fertilizers leads to a reduction in their use by farmers, while fertilizer manufacturers consider the use of alternative raw materials and reducing the energy consumption of fertilizer production processes. Given these circumstances, special attention is warranted for suspension fertilizers. The manufacturing of suspension fertilizers is simplified and less energy intensive in comparison with solid fertilizers. This is achieved by omitting certain production stages such as granulation, drying, sifting, which usually contribute to more than half of the production costs. This paper presents the production procedure of suspension fertilizers tailored for cabbage cultivation, utilizing alternative raw materials such as sewage sludge ash and poultry litter ash. The final products are thoroughly characterized. The obtained fertilizers were rich in main nutrients (ranging from 23.38% to 30.60% NPK) as along with secondary nutrients and micronutrients. Moreover, they adhere to the stipulated standards concerning heavy metal content as outlined in the European Fertilizer Regulation. A distribution analysis has showed that suspension fertilizers contain nutrients in both liquid and solid phases. This arrangement facilitates their easy availability for plants and subsequent release upon dissolution in soil conditions. To assess process consistency, the production of the most promising fertilizer was upscaled. A preliminary technological and economic analysis was also conducted. The method of producing suspension fertilizers using alternative raw materials is a simple waste management solution offering nutrient recycling with the principles of circular economy. This approach not only encourages nutrient recycling but also curtails reliance on imported raw materials.

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The impact of reagents concentration on the efficiency of obtaining high-purity magnesium hydroxide

Radomski Piotr, Jarosiński Andrzej, Wzorek Zbigniew, Nowak Anna K.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2020

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Vol. 22, nr 2

73--77

EN

The work presents the impact of reagents concentration and the drying process on the efficiency of obtaining magnesium hydroxide and its specific surface area. Magnesium sulphate(VI) within the concentration range of 0.7–2.0 mol/dm3 was used in the research as magnesium feedstock and sodium hydroxide was used as a precipitating agent within the same concentration range. The process of obtaining magnesium hydroxide was carried out with a 25% excess of the precipitating agent in relation to the reaction stoichiometry. The obtained suspension was separated by way of multi-stage sedimentation with the use of acetone and freezing samples. Depending on the concentration of reagents the efficiency of obtaining magnesium hydroxide fell within the range of 88–99%, whereas the specific surface area – within 115–609 m2 /g, while the high purity of samples above 99% of magnesium hydroxide was maintained.

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Ecotoxicological aspects of the use of parabens in the production of cosmetics

Barabasz Wiesław, Pikulicka Anna, Wzorek Zbigniew, Nowak Anna K.

Technical Transactions

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2019

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Vol. 116, iss. 12

99--124

EN

Parabens are synthetic preservatives that are used on a large scale in the cosmetics, pharmaceutical and food industries. Their task is primarily to prolong the shelf life of selected products – cosmetics, medicines or food – by maintaining their microbiological purity. Parabens protect products against deterioration and microorganisms, extending their durability by up to several months without interfering with their composition and operation. Parabens do not change the aroma, taste, density or other characteristics of cosmetic or food products. However parabens, which occur in most cosmetics with a creamy or liquid formula (face creams, body lotions, foundation, tonics, lipsticks, deodorants, perfumes), are becoming increasingly worse because of the prolonged list of side effects that they may cause. The presence of intact paraben esters in human body tissues has now been confirmed by independent measurements in human urine, and the ability of parabens to penetrate human skin intact without breakdown by esterases and to be absorbed systemically has been demonstrated through not only in vitro studies but also in vivo investigation using healthy human subjects.

PL

Parabeny są syntetycznymi konserwantami, które wykorzystuje się na szeroką skalę w przemyśle kosmetycznym, farmaceutycznym i spożywczym. Ich zadaniem jest przede wszystkim przedłużanie trwałości wybranych produktów – kosmetyków, leków czy artykułów spożywczych – poprzez utrzymywanie ich czystości mikrobiologicznej. Parabeny chronią produkty przed zepsuciem i drobnoustrojami, przedłużając ich trwałość nawet o kilkanaście miesięcy i nie ingerując przy tym w ich skład oraz działanie. Parabeny nie zmieniają zapachu, smaku, gęstości oraz innych cech produktów kosmetycznych lub spożywczych. Parabeny, które występują w większości kosmetyków o kremowej lub płynnej formule (kremy do twarzy, balsamy do ciała, podkłady, toniki, pomadki, dezodoranty, perfumy) cieszą się jednak coraz gorszą sławą ze względu na wydłużającą się listę skutków ubocznych, które mogą powodować. Obecność estrów parabenów w tkankach ludzkiego ciała została potwierdzona przez niezależne pomiary w ludzkim moczu, a zdolność parabenów do penetracji nienaruszonej ludzkiej skóry bez rozpadu przez esterazy i do wchłaniania ogólnoustrojowego wykazano w badaniach nie tylko in vitro, ale także in vivo u zdrowych ludzi.