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Reakcja w plonie biomasy wierzby krzewiastej na szkody łowieckie przy zróżnicowanym nawożeniu azotem

Styszko L., Borzymowska A., Ignatowicz M.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2013

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Tom 15, cz. 2

1011--1021

EN

The aim of this study was to evaluate the reaction of 10 willow varieties to damage inflicted by hunting deer (Cervus elaphus L.) and European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) at different fertilization with nitrogen (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1 N) in the years 2008-2011 in the vicinity of Koszalin. Such damages as grazing of tops of shoots, debarking and fracture of shoots and total damage were evaluated at the end of the willow vegetation period. Yield of fresh mass of shoots was determined in November 2010 (third year of cultivation) and 2011 (fourth year of cultivation). Regression equations for the yield of shoots at different damage hunting were created. Level of hunting damage was most strongly influenced by age of cultivation (21.7%), variety of willow (21.3%) and the interaction between of those factors (16.9%) and less – nitrogen (1.7%) and interaction between varieties and doses of nitrogen (1.1%). In the first and second year of regrowth of willow, in case of thin stems, grazing their tops dominated, and in the third and fourth year of cultivation, in case of thicker stems, their debarking and breaking of their shoots intensified. It was shown that for 1% of total loss, yield of fresh weight decreased from 0.251 t ha-1 for 1054 variety to 0.973 t / ha t ha-1 for Ekotur variety, and in average of 10 varieties – decreased by 0.416 t ha-1 . The authors would like to thank Lillohus AB company, 291 61 Kristianstad, Sweden for donation of Oloff, Jorr and Tordis varieties for test and to Mr. Przemysław Dobrzaniecki from Agrobränsle AB in Poznań for participation in this donation.

2

Wpływ nawożenia azotem na wybrane cechy wierzby krzewiastej w czteroletnim cyklu uprawy

Ignatowicz M., Styszko L.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2012

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Tom 14

370--379

EN

This experiment was conducted to assess regrowth of shoots of willow in the four-years-cycle of cultivation at different doses of nitrogen. At length, thickness and number of shoots in the carp, were most affected by years of willow shoots regrowth, less by variety, doses of nitrogen and time of measurement. Among the interactions of those features big importance have interaction between varieties and years of regrowth of shoots, between varieties and doses of nitrogen and years of regrowth of shoots and doses of nitrogen. The average of ten varieties of willow, longest and thickest stems were obtained at doses of 180 kg of nitrogen per hectare. Tested varieties of willow were characterized by different reactions to the doses of nitrogen in the analyzed features. The varieties 1047, Oloff and 1047D had the longest shoots and varieties Start and Ekotur - thickest shoots at the doses of 180 kg of nitrogen per hectare. Doses of 180 kg.ha(-1) reduced numbers of stems per carp.

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Wpływ zagęszczenia krzaków wierzby na odrastanie pędów w trzyletnim cyklu jej uprawy

Styszko L., Borzymowska A., Ignatowicz M.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2011

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Tom 13

541-555

PL

Najważniejszym źródłem energii odnawialnej w Polce jest biomasa, a jej udział w bilansie paliwowym wynosi około 90% [4]. W ostatnich latach znaczenia nabiera biomasa rolnicza, szczególnie z drzew szybko rosnących. Zapotrzebowanie energetyki na biomasę jest bardzo duże - ok. 17,5 mln ton [3]. Wyprodukowanie takiej ilości biomasy każdego roku wymaga opracowania efektywnej technologii jej pozyskiwania, z uwzględnieniem gatunków roślin i odmian, oraz warunków uprawy i zbioru. W Polsce duże nadzieje pokłada się z uprawą wierzby krzewiastej. Ograniczenie nakładów finansowych na jej uprawę, może zachęcić do rozwijania produkcji biomasy stałej z wierzby. Celem pracy była ocena dynamiki odrastania pędów dziesięciu odmian wierzby krzewiastej (Salix viminalis) w trzyletnim cyklu, uprawianych w rejonie Koszalina, na glebie lekkiej, o głębokim poziomie wody gruntowej, zróżnicowanym zagęszczeniu krzaków na hektarze.

EN

This experiment was conducted to assess regrowth of shoots of Salix viminalis in the three-years-cycle of cultivation, of ten varieties of willow, on the light soil, at different density of planting bushes per hectare (15 020, 22 134 and 35 200 pieces). The importance of studied factors on the variability of height, thickness and number of live shoots in bush in order of decreasing main effects was as follows: years of shoots regrowth, time of measurement, varieties and density of planting of willow. Following interactions: years of willow shoots regrowth with varieties and varieties of willow with planting density were important for all features. Increase shoots length were arranged according to the rainfall during the growing season of willows and were highest in 2009, lower in 2010, and the lowest in 2008. The longest shoots were in the objects with density of planting 22 thousand of bushes and the shortest at planting of 15.0 thousand of bushes per hectare. Number of living shoots in the bush decreased with increasing density. On average, the longest and thickest shoots had Ekotur variety, shortest - Start variety, and thinnest - 1054 variety The least living shoots in the bush was found in Oloff variety the most Sprint variety. The longest shoots in all planting densities had Ekotur variety, and the shortest varieties: 1047 at planting 15 020 bushes per hectare, 1054 at planting 22 134 bushes per hectare, and 1047D at planting 35 200 bushes per hectare. The biggest differences of shoot length between the planting densities were observed for Oloff variety, and the smallest - for Start variety. The dynamics of decreasing of number of living shoots between planting densities was different for varieties of willow. The biggest differences in the number of living shoots between the planting densities was observed for 1047D variety, and the lowest - for 1047 variety.

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Wpływ warunków uprawy na pozyskanie biomasy wierzby energetycznej w czteroletnim cyklu

Styszko L., Fijałkowska D., Sztyma M., Ignatowicz M.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2010

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Tom 12

575-586

PL

Potrzeby biomasy w Polsce są bardzo duże. Szacuje się, że chcąc osiągnąć do 2020 roku 15% udziału energii ze źródeł odnawialnych w całkowitym bilansie energetycznym powinno pozyskiwać się jej ok. 17,5 mln ton suchej masy rocznie [4]. Elektrownie i elektrociepłownie będą potrzebowały biomasy ponad 8,3 mln ton rocznie. Potrzeby te w Polsce mogą być zaspokojone przy przeznaczeniu na ten cel powierzchni ok. 2 mln ha gruntów ornych o przeciętnej urodzajności. Obecnie na cele energetyczne przeznacza się grunty mało urodzajne, przez wiele lat odłogowane i położone na terenach, gdzie upraw rolniczych jest mało. Dla energetyki zawodowej najbardziej przydatne są różne formy paliwa stałego, pozyskiwanego z wieloletnich plantacji roślin energetycznych szybko odrastających, np. wierzby, topoli. Potrzeby tego sektora w zakresie biomasy stałej wymagają nasadzeń wierzby na powierzchni ponad 500 tys. hektarów, a tych jest obecnie w Polsce tylko 10 tys. hektarów. Dostarczanie biomasy do podmiotów skupujących i przetwórczychodbywa się w ramach umowy kontraktacyjnej w minimalnych ilościach odpowiadającemu tzw. plonowi reprezentatywnemu [10]. Konsekwencją niezrealizowania umownych dostaw biomasy na potrzeby energetyki są sankcje finansowe. W związku z powyższym, dla producenta biomasy wierzby ważna jest informacja o plenności uprawianych klonów wierzby. Celem badań była ocena plonu biomasy pędów w okresie drugiej, trzeciej i czwartej wegetacji wierzby w rejonie Koszalina, przy uprawie wierzby na glebie lekkiej, stosując różne systemy nawożenia organicznego i mineralnego.

EN

Providing biomass for collecting and processing companies is regulated by a cultivation contract in the minimum quantities corresponding to the so-called representative yield. The consequence of non-execution of contractual supply of biomass for energy are financial sanctions. Accordingly, for the manufacturer of willow biomass it is important to know about yield of cultivated willow clones. The aim of this study was to assess the yield of biomass of shoots during the second, third and fourth vegetation of willow in the region of Koszalin, at willow cultivation on light soil, using different systems of organic and mineral fertilization. The study evaluated the yield of willow in the four-year cycle in nine clones cultivated on light soil of class IVb-V, using compost from sewage sludge and different doses of fertilizer Hydrofoska 16. Nine clones of willow were planted in the first decade of April 2005 on the Technical University of Koszalin experimental field - in Kosciernica. In 2006 the strict experience of randomized sub blocks in the dependent system in three replications, where sub blocks of level I were four combinations of fertilizer, and level II - nine willow clones was established. Plot had an area of 34.5 m2 (2.3 x 15.0 m). Harvest the shoots was carried out from 1/3 of plot (11.5 m2) after second vegetation (February 2008), after third vegetation (February 2009) and after fourth vegetation (November 2009). In each year during the harvest of biomass, yield of fresh mass of shoots was measured. In the region of Koszalin in the growing season of willow (April-October) in the years 2006-2009 precipitation was 459-654 mm, at annual precipitation of 753-1062 mm. The relatively good supply of willow in rainwater, with deep groundwater level (950 cm), allowed to obtain satisfactory yields of fresh mass of shoots, from 21 to 67 tonnes per hectare. Applied fertilizer combinations significantly differentiated average yield of fresh biomass during years of willow cultivation, and the differences between them were steadily increasing over the years. Examined clones responded differently to fertilization with compost and Hydrofoska 16 fertilizer. Clone G did not react in the yield of fresh mass to the variable.fertilization. Clones C and D gave the highest yield on the objects 'c' with less mineral fertilizer and remaining clones (A, B, E, F, H and K) yielded most in objects'd', with the largest mineral fertilization.