Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

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Estimation of global liquefied natural gas use by sea-going ships

Chłopińska Ewelina, Tatesiuk Jakub, Śnieg Jakub

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2021

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nr 66 (138)

28--33

EN

Environmental pollution is a growing concern for many organizations, commissions, state governments, and companies. The use of fossil fuels in transportation contributes significantly to increased emissions of harmful sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Maritime transport, as one of the largest emitters of such harmful compounds, has encountered many emission restrictions and legal limitations. These include the creation of areas of strict exhaust gas control (ECA). According to the MARPOL Convention, Annex VI, Special Emission Control Areas have been in force since 01.01.2015, and they include the following areas: the Baltic Sea, North Sea, North America (covering the designated coasts of the USA and Canada and portions of the Caribbean Sea near the USA). According to current regulations, vessels providing services in ECAs are required to maintain sulphur oxide emissions that do not exceed 0.1%. The introduction of new regulations results in costs that have to be covered by shipowners. To meet these standards, the two most popular methods are the use of special flushing systems (scrubbers) and low-sulphur fuels (e.g., LNG). This publication addresses the use of LNG as fuel for the main propulsion of sea-going vessels operating in areas covered by strict sulphur emission controls. It also presents LNG demand forecasts for various ship types, as well as possible solutions satisfying the Sulphur Directive. The purpose of this paper is to present a way to determine the size of the global demand for LNG. The percentage of vessels powered by LNG and other fuels was used as a basis for estimating global LNG demand in shipping until 2030.

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Potrzeby energetyczne Polski względem krajowego rynku gazu zimnego

Chłopińska Ewelina, Bajko Artur, Autzen Alexander

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

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2019

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R. 20, nr 6

381--386

PL

W artykule omówiony został aspekt zapotrzebowania, zaspokojenia, oraz zużycia surowca energetycznego jakim jest gaz ziemny w postaci skroplonej w Polsce. W pierwszej części pracy scharakteryzowano rynek gazu odnosząc się do gospodarki krajowej. Kolejno opisano nośniki energetyczne wykorzystywane w Polsce oraz przedstawiono czynniki decydujące o użytkowaniu tego surowca. Dalej określono potrzeby energetyczne kraju względem rynku gazu.

EN

The article discusses the aspect of the demand, satisfaction and consumption of energy raw material which is natural gas in liquefied form in Poland. In the first part of the work the gas market was recycled referring to the national economy. Subsequently, energy carriers used in Poland are described and factors determining the use of this raw material are presented. The energy needs of the country with respect to the gas market were further defined.

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Modeling the location and routing problem for the distribution of liquefied natural gas

Chłopińska Ewelina, Gucma Maciej

Annual of Navigation

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2019

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No. 26

59--63

EN

Programming methods, such as dynamic heuristic search or search and limit techniques are used for solving the problems of routing. Many of the problems to be solved require huge computing effort, some of them are NP-hard. Other optimization algorithms that may be used for solving vehicle routing problems are methods based on genetic algorithms, neural networks and ant algorithms. The problem of LNG distribution system is closely related to the problem of route planning. These problems are characterised by a simple definition of the problem, unlike finding the solution. Finding the optimal outcome for a great number of points is a hard and work-consuming task. Genetic algorithms are an alternative for the methods most often used so far.