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PL
Eksploatacja złoża gipsu „Gacki” w dolinie Nidy (region świętokrzyski) metodą odkrywkową trwała od 1955 do 1985 roku. Kopalnia składała się z trzech odkrywek o różnej wielkości, od 0,8 do 19,88 ha. Po zaprzestaniu eksploatacji podjęto decyzję o rekultywacji w kierunku wodnym i nastąpiło zatopienie odkrywek do naturalnego poziomu wód podziemnych. Powstał w ten sposób zespół trzech akwenów o różnej głębokości. W kwietniu 2008 roku w największym akwenie o głębokości 12 m wykonano badania właściwości fizycznych i składu chemicznego wody w jego profilu. W terenie zmierzono przewodność elektrolityczną właściwą (PEW), temperaturę i pH wody na dziewięciu głębokościach zbiornika, począwszy od jego powierzchni. Stwierdzono, że temperatura i pH zmniejszają się wraz z głębokością, a PEW i stężenie makroskładników i większości badanych mikroelementów jest prawie wyrównane w profilu akwenu. Mineralizacja ogólna wody sięga około 2100 mg/dm3 i jest to woda typu Ca-SO4 , co wynika z charakteru skał otaczających (gipsów).
EN
Exploitation of the „Gacki” gypsum deposit in the Nida valley (Świętokrzyskie region, SE Poland), by the opencast method lasted from 1955 till 1985. The mine consisted of three open pits of various sizes, from 0.8 to 19.88 ha. After the exploitation ceased, a decision was made to recultivate the area in order to recreate the natural groundwater levels. In this way three artificial lakes of different depths were formed. In April 2008, the largest lake, with a depth of 12 m, was tested and the chemical properties of water in the vertical profile was investigated. The field measurements of the electrolytic conductivity (CEC), temperature and pH of the water at nine depths levels, starting from its surface were made. It has been found that the temperature and pH decrease with depth and CEC and the concentration of macroelements and most of the examined microelements are almost uniform in the water profile. The total dissolved solids (TDS) reaches about 2100 mg/dm3 and it is Ca-SO4 type water, which results from the nature of the surrounding rocks (gypsum).
EN
Areas of intense mine drainage that are subjected to numerical modelling require the construction of a complex model structure that will properly reflect actual conditions. This paper presents the process and results of constructing such a structure for the Olkusz Zinc and Lead Ore Mining Area, an area situated in a cone of depression the extent of which reaches 500 km2. This size range calls for a selection of appropriate external boundaries, properly separated from these of the mine drainage area. The complex geological structure of the Olkusz area, associated with considerable variation in the thickness of rock formations, discontinuities of rock levels and occurrence of numerous faults, must be schematised so that calculation layers can be identified. The faults in the study area have to be reflected in the regional model structure, although only those faults that actually affect groundwater flows should be selected. The model structure needs to include detailed recognition and reflection of hydraulic contacts between aquifer levels, together with a selection of hydrogeological parameters that are different for particular formations. Only a complex structure built in such a manner may be the foundation of further model studies.
PL
Badania wykonano w celu wykazania zależności między prędkościami fal sprężystych uzyskanymi w wyniku pomiarów laboratoryjnych a parametrami otrzymanymi w badaniach hydrogeologicznych (porowatością i gęstością objętościową). Pomiary przeprowadzono na 73 próbkach skalnych, pochodzących w większości z poziomów wodonośnych z rejonu Olkusza. Informacja o prędkościach fal sprężystych w połączeniu z parametrami zbiornikowymi (porowatością, współczynnikiem filtracji i gęstością) dostarczyła dodatkowych informacji o badanych skałach. Zestawienie prędkości fali podłużnej P oraz gęstości objętościowej z porowatością otwartą, obliczoną w badaniach hydrogeologicznych, dało informację o zakresie zmian prędkości oraz gęstości szkieletowej w badanych skałach, które następnie wprowadzono do wzorów na obliczenie porowatości ogólnej badanych próbek. Na podstawie prędkości fal sprężystych, zmierzonych na próbkach wyciętych z rdzeni w dwóch prostopadłych kierunkach, wykonano także analizę anizotropii, co pozwoliło zidentyfikować szczeliny w skale. Analiza wyników hydrogeologicznych i petrofizycznych pokazała, że łącząc ze sobą różnorodne parametry można uzyskać dodatkowe informacje o właściwościach zbiornikowych poziomów wodonośnych.
EN
The purpose of the research was to find relationship between elastic waves velocities obtained from lab measurements and parameters from hydrogeological research. Measurements were conducted on 73 rock samples originating mostly from Jurassic limestone of the Olkusz area. Additional information about the rock samples was obtained when the elastic wave velocities were compared with reservoir parameters such as porosity, permeability and density. Plots of elastic waves velocities vs. porosity and bulk density vs. porosity gave information about the range of P wave velocities from the boundary velocity to the values when porosity is equal to zero. Matrix velocity and density values were introduced into the formulas used to calculate porosity. Anisotropy analysis was made on the basis of elastic wave velocities measured on cores cut in two perpendicular directions. This allowed for identification of fractures in rocks. Results showed that by comparing various petrophysical parameters it was possible to get better information about reservoir properties of aquifers.
EN
Lower Carboniferous limestone has been extracted in the “Czatkowice” open-pit hill-slope quarry in southern Poland since 1947, for the needs of metallurgical and building industries, as well as farming. We can distinguish two aquifers in the Czatkowice area: the Quaternary porous aquifer and the Carboniferous fissure-porous one. Two vertical zones representing different hydrodynamic characteristics can be indentified in the Carboniferous formations. One is a weathering zone and the other one the zone of fissures and interbedding planes. Groundwater inflows into the quarry workings have been observed at the lowest mining level (+315 m above the sea level (asl)) for over 30 years. This study concerns two hypotheses of the sources of such inflows originating either from (a) the aeration zone or from (b) the saturation zone. Inflows into the quarry combine into one stream flowing gravitationally to the doline under the pile in the western part of the quarry. This situation does not cause a dewatering need. Extending eastward mining and lowering of the exploitation level lead to increased inflows.
PL
W kopalni odkrywkowej „Czatkowice” (S Polska) typu stokowego od 1947 roku eksploatowane są wapienie dolnego karbonu dla potrzeb hutnictwa, budownictwa oraz rolnictwa. W rejonie Czatkowic można wyróżnić dwa piętra wodonośne: czwartorzędowe – porowe oraz karbońskie, tworzące zbiornik wód podziemnych typu szczelinowo-krasowego. W utworach karbońskich wydzielić można dwie pionowe strefy o różnej charakterystyce hydrodynamicznej. Pierwsza z nich, to strefa wietrzenia, a druga to strefę spękań i fug międzyławicowych. Na najniższym poziomie eksploatacyjnym kamieniołomu (poziom +315 m n.p.m.), od ponad 30 lat obserwuje się wypływy wód podziemnych do wyrobiska kopalni. W pracy odniesiono się do dwóch hipotez dotyczących genezy tych wypływów: a). ze strefy aeracji, b). ze strefy saturacji. Dopływy do kamieniołomu łączą się w jeden strumień płynący grawitacyjnie do doliny pod hałdą w zachodniej części kamieniołomu. Sytuacja ta powoduje brak konieczności odwadniania. Rozszerzenie wydobycia na wschód i obniżenie poziomu eksploatacji prowadzić będzie do zwiększenia dopływu wody do kamieniłomu.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań jakości wód w górnym odcinku Soły (od Rajczy do zapory Tresna). W składzie chemicznym wody dominowały jony Ca2+ i HCO3–, a ze związków biogennych NO32–. Wody charakteryzowały się niskim poziomem mineralizacji w zakresie od 195,6 do 246,3 mg·dm–3. W terenie zmierzono wartość pH oraz PEW wody. W laboratorium HGI AGH oznaczono metodami ICP-OES: Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Fe2+, SO42–, PO43–, oraz ICP-MS: Ag, Al, As, Be, Bi, Br, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Ga, Hg, I, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Se, Sn, Te, Ti, Tl, U, V, W, Y, Sr, Zn, Zr. Stężenia HCO3– oraz Cl– oznaczono wolumetrycznie oraz argentometrycznie (metodą Mohra). Do oznaczenia stężenia NO32– wykorzystano spektrofotometr DR 2800 fi rmy HACH Lange. W pracy dokonano próby powiązania składu fizykochemicznego z cechami środowiska geograficznego zlewni.
EN
In the article the authors present the results of water quality in the upper section of the Soła (from Rajczy to the dam Tresna). The chemical composition of water dominated by Ca2+ and HCO3–, and the biogenic compounds NO32–. Water characterized by low mineral content in the range of 195.6 to 246.3 mg·dm–3. In the field, the pH measured, and EC water were measured. In the laboratory HGI AGH determined by methods ICP-OES: Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Fe2+, SO42–, PO43–, and ICP-MS: Ag, Al, As, Be, Bi, Br, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Ga, Hg, I, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Se, Sn, Te, Ti, Tl, U, V, W, Y, Sr, Zn, Zr. Concentrations of HCO3– and Cl– were determined volumetrically and argentometrycznie (Mohr’s method). To determine the concentration of NO32– used the DR 2800 spectrophotometer HACH Lange. The paper attempts ties physico-chemical composition of the characteristics of the geographical environment catchment.
EN
The aim of the study was to evaluate the status of the aquatic environment in the Świerszcz Basin in the Roztocze National Park. Within the framework of the measuring programs (conducted in 2011-2015) we performed F2 groundwater and H1 river and indicator studies conducted in 2014-2015, chemical analyses of major cations, anions, micronutrients, and analyses ofselected physical characteristics of groundwater and surface waters. Due to the exceedances of NO3, PO4, Tl, Se, Mo and Al concentrations in the water from springs and wells during the indicator surveys, it was assessed to require purification. The high levels o NO3 and PO4 testify to the effect of anthropoprotection, while the high content of the remaining components is most probably due to natural geochemical processes.
EN
This paper summarizes information about recently worked bentonite deposits in Slovakia and presents the results of studies on bentonite from the Central Slovakia Volcanic Field (CSVF). The authors compared the mineralogy of commercial bentonites exploited in the Stara Kremnička (Jelšový potok), Kopernica, and Hliník nad Hronom deposits. X-ray diffraction (XRD), chemical analyses and microscopy showed that the main component is montmorillonite (37–88%), followed by opal C/CT (5–25%), clinoptilolite (up to 15%), feldspars (3–12%), quartz (up to 8%), biotite (2–5%), and kaolinite (up to 2%). The microscopic imaging provided information valuable for the technological assessment of bentonites, particularly the evaluation of mineralogy determined by XRD. The low variability of the mineral composition of commercial bentonites exploited in the western CSVF, together with the significant reserves and localization of deposits close to the Polish–Slovak state border prove that this raw material deserves more attention from Polish industry.
PL
Ze względu na fakt, iż zbliża się planowana od dawna reforma prawna administracji miar, podjęto próbę oceny zmian, jakie przeprowadzono w latach 2011–2012 w polskim prawie probierczym. Niniejszy artykuł, prezentujący zmiany w strukturze organów administracji probierczej oraz nowe rozwiązania prawne, jakie wprowadzono w dziedzinie nadzoru probierczego, stanowi pierwszą część opracowania.
EN
Due to the fact that the long-awaited legal reform of the metrology administration is approaching, authors have made an attempt to evaluate the modifications that have been made in Polish hallmarking legislation in 2011–2012. The present article, which summarizes the changes in the structures of hallmark administration authorities and new legal solutions that have been implemented in hallmark supervision, is the first part of the study.
EN
The “Franciszek” dipheading is one of the main components of the transportation infrastructure in the “Pomorzany” zinc and lead mine in the Olkusz ore district. The heading was cut out of the aeration zone, created by mine drainage in Quaternary sands and Middle and Lower Triassic carbonates. This study presents the results of the examination of the chemical composition of water leaks identified in the dipheading. It was found that the chemical composition of the water under examination depends on geogenic factors, mainly the mineralogical composition of the rocks that are infiltrated by the meteoric waters which feed the leaks, as well as the geochemical processes associated with metal sulphate weathering in the carbonate rock environment (with dolomites and limestones). The significant influence of anthropogenic factors was also identified, including the most important one linked to the migration of polluted waters from the surface mine facilities.
PL
Początki górnictwa węgla kamiennego w regionie górnej Wisły sięgają XVI w., natomiast wydobycie na skalę przemysłową rozpoczęło się w drugiej połowie XVIII wieku. Rozwój technik i technologii górniczych umożliwił eksploatację coraz głębszych pokładów węgla kamiennego, co jest związane z koniecznością odprowadzania coraz bardziej zmineralizowanych wód kopalnianych do cieków powierzchniowych. Skutkuje to bardzo wysoką wartością zasolenia wody w miejscu ich zrzutu. Badania stopnia zasolenia Wisły są prowadzone przez wielu badaczy już od lat 70. XIX wieku. W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań dotyczących zawartości jonu chlorkowego i siarczanowego w Wiśle na odcinku od zbiornika Goczałkowickiego do ujścia Skawy. Podczas badań przeprowadzonych w latach 2013–2015 pobrano próbki wody z Wisły oraz jej dopływów. W Laboratorium Hydrogeochemicznym AGH oznaczono zawartość jonu chlorkowego i siarczanowego. W sierpniu 2015 roku, w trakcie długotrwałych niskich stanów wody w ciekach opróbowano cały badany odcinek Wisły w ciągu jednego dnia. Umożliwiło to pokazanie, jakie konsekwencje w trakcie skrajnie niekorzystnych warunków atmosferycznych niesie za sobą zrzut zasolonych wód kopalnianych. Dodatkowo na podstawie uzyskanych wyników laboratoryjnych oceniono zmienność zasolenia w wybranych punktach reprezentatywnych na przestrzeni 3 lat. Otrzymane wyniki wykazały wysoką zmienność tych jonów na krótkim odcinku biegu rzeki Wisły. Ich zawartość w Wiśle a zarazem zmienność zależą ściśle od ładunku soli w zrzucanych wodach kopalnianych oraz od przepływu, a także od ilości oraz jakości wód pochodzących z dopływów rzeki Wisły.
EN
The beginnings of coal mining in the Upper Vistula River region date back to the 16th century, however the exploitation on an industrial scale started in the second half of the 18th century. The development of mining techniques and technologies allowed for the exploitation of the deeper coal seems, which resulted in the necessity of discharging more mineralized mine water into the rivers and streams. This led to a high salinity level in the place where the mine water are discharged. Research on the Vistula river salinity level has been conducted by many scientists already since the 1870s. The article presents the results of the research regarding the content of chloride and sulfate ions in the Vistula river between the Goczałkowice reservoir and the estuary of the Skawa river. During the research period (2013–2015), samples from the Vistula river and its tributaries were collected. The concentration of the chloride and sulfate ions was measured in the AGH hydrogeochemical laboratory. In August 2015, when the continuous, long term low water levels were observed, the entire part of the Vistula river was sampled during one day. This allowed the kind of consequences that can be expected from the discharge of mine water in the extremely unfavorable atmospheric conditions to be shown. Furthermore, on the basis of received laboratory results, the variability of salinity levels in the chosen representative points during the period of 3 years was evaluated. The results showed high variability of the ions concentration on the short section of the Vistula river. The water salinity rate depended on the water flow in the Vistula river, the salinity of the discharged mine water and on the water quality in the Vistula tributaries.
PL
Złoża rud cynku i ołowiu w rejonie olkuskim zalegają w węglanowych skałach triasowych, tworzących zbiornik wód podziemnych typu porowo-szczelinowo-krasowego. Dopływy do wyrobisk górniczych, drążonych w takich skałach są zazwyczaj bardzo duże. Początki drenażu górniczego omawianych złóż sięgają XV wieku, kiedy wykonano odwadniające je sztolnie. Sumaryczny dopływ wody do tych sztolni sięgał około 100 m3/min. Sztolnie przestały odwadniać górotwór w drugiej połowie XX wieku, po przejęciu wody przez kopalnie „Bolesław”, „Olkusz” i „Pomorzany” na poziomach odwadniających odpowiednio 60, 100 i 130 m poniżej powierzchni terenu. Aktualnie odwadniane jest także złoże „Olkusz-Podpoziom” na głębokości około 130 m. Maksymalne dopływy wody do wyrobisk tych kopalń mieściły się w przedziale od około 30 m3/min (złoże „Olkusz-Podpoziom”) do około 300 m3/min (kopalnia „Pomorzany”). Wielkości dopływów wody do olkuskich kopalń rud cynku i ołowiu są uwarunkowane przede wszystkim charakterem skał otaczających. Zmienność dopływów wody do poszczególnych kopalń zależy od stadium ich rozwoju oraz od wzajemnego wpływu. Wyrobiska odwadniające najgłębszej kopalni „Pomorzany” przejęły większość dopływu wody do kopalni „Bolesław” i niewielką część wody dopływającej do kopalni „Olkusz”, a odwadniane złoża „Olkusz-Podpoziom” zredukowały niemal do połowy dopływ wody do kopalni „Olkusz”. Wielkość dopływu wody zależy także od wysokości opadów atmosferycznych, ale jest to widoczne w przypadku zjawisk ekstremalnych.
EN
Zinc and lead ore deposits in the Olkusz region cover carbonate triassic rocks, which form the ground water reservoir of the porous-fissured-karst type. Inflows to the excavations carved in this kind of rocks are usually very large. The beginnings of the mining drainage are dated back to the XV century, when draining adits were created. The cumulative inflow of water to the adits reached about 100 m3/min. The adits stopped to perform their draining function in the second half of the XX century, after the water was taken over by “Bolesław”, “Olkusz” and “Pomorzany” mines on the drainage levels of 60, 100 i 130m below the ground surface. Currently, also the “Olkusz-Podpoziom” deposit is being drained on the depth of about 130m. The critical inflows to these excavations were in the range from about 30 m3/min (“Olkusz-Podpoziom deposit”) to about 300 m3/min (“Pomorzany” mine). The size of inflows to the zinc and lead ore mines in the Olkusz region is conditioned in the first place by the nature of the surrounding rocks. The variability of water inflows to the mines is dependent on the phase of their development and their mutual influences. Drain workings of the deepest mine “Pomorzany” have captured most of the water flow to the “Bolesław” mine and a small part of water flow to the “Olkusz” mine. Drainage of the “Olkusz-Podpoziom” deposit has reduced almost by half the water inflow to the “Olkusz” mine. The size of water inflow depends also on the amount of the precipitation, but it is noticeable in the case of extreme weather phenomena.
12
EN
The paper presents the study of chloride concentrations in the Vistula river in Krakow, performed from 1990'. Growth of black coal mining in the Upper Silesia and the D¹browa Basin had significant impact for water quality in the Vistula river. After Second World War, year by year, the chloride concentration was being raised, in the end of 1970' reached 30g/l. Saline mine water discharge led to change hydrochemical water type from Ca–HCO3 to Na–Cl. Due to Polish Environment Law, concentrations of that ion was reduced, mostly to value below 1g/dm3. The water of the Vistula river has been sampled almost every week. The studies showed variability of chloride concentrations. Rate of water salinity depend on amount of the mine water discharge and water flow in the Vistula river. No cooperation between particular mines contributed to stochastic, variable salinity level.
EN
The paper presents changes in groundwater chemistry of Triassic aquifer after zinc-lead mine flooding. Last stage of liquidation Zn-Pb “Trzebionka” mine has been started in July of 2010. Long lasting drainage caused oxidation of the sulphide minerals in hosted rocks of Zn-Pb deposits. Flushing of the extended unsaturated zone led to dissolving of weathering products. Those complicated processes caused significant increase in sulphates concentrations Prediction of consequence of mine flooding for water chemical composition is possible due to long term observation of the water quality in the “Trzebionka” zinc-lead ore. Currently water quality of Triassic aquifer is deteriorate.
EN
The article presents results of laboratory open porosity analysis on 167 Jurassic limestones and marls samples. Samples was taken from five boreholes drilled on the East of the Olkusz Zn-Pb mining region. Statistical methods was used to elaborate of the research results. The mean, standard deviation and maximum and minimum value was calculated. The variability of open porosity with depth was shown on the example of one borehole. Relationship of the parameter in the rock samples taken horizontal and vertical to the bedding was analyzed.
EN
The purpose of this paper is to describe the variability of the chemical characteristics of springwater in the Marków Potok catchment. Five springs were selected for research purposes. The research was performed in spring and summer 2013 and 2014. Ca was found as the most common cation, HCO3 was the most common anion and NO3 was dominated in the biogenic compounds in the analysed springwater. Comparing the period of spring and summer the highest values of most of the chemical characteristics of water occurred in the summer, the lowest in the spring. It was found that chemical properies of water springs were shaped by the diverse geological structure of the catchment area, climatic conditions, the process of dilution and the biological activity of the basin.
EN
Lead is a widespread environmental contaminant toxic to living organisms. Soils and wastes contaminated with Pb are found in both rural and urban settings. Uptake of Pb from waste, soil or water by phosphate compounds, particularly hydroxylapatite, has been proved as effective remediation strategy (Xu & Schwartz 1994). The technology arises from the low solubility of lead apatites and from their rapid precipitation reactions. The structure of the apatite group minerals can be described by the general formula A5(BO4)3C, where positions A, B, C can be substituted by e.g. A: Ca, Pb, Sr, Ba; B: P, As, V; C: Cl, OH, F, Br, I. Apatites are very tolerant to structural distortion resulting from chemical substitution in cationic and anionic positions and consequently they are remarkably diverse in composition. Thanks to this potential for extensive solid solutions in the system, the lead apatites precipitating in the environment are not pure end members but rather Pb-Ca solid solutions. A complete solid solution between hydroxylapatite (HAP) and hydroxylpyromorphite (HPY) was determined before (Bigi et al. 1991, Hadrich et al. 2001). The results, however, are still fragmentary. The objective of the project is systematic characterization (crystal structure and infrared and Raman vibrational properties) of synthetic analogs of the minerals from HAP-HPY solid solution series. This will allow clarifying the controversies related to the change of properties towards substitution of lead for calcium. Well characterized products of the synthesis will be used in further thermodynamic study of solubility changes with substitution, which was never determined before. It is assumed t hat t he properties vary in systematic way with Pb substitution for Ca. An effective wet method of synthesis of Ca-Pb apatites was developed. A crystalline, homogeneous precipitates with stoichiometric composition were produced. Six phases of HAP-HPY solid solution series were prepared by dropwise mixing of a solution containing calcium and/or lead ions and a phosphate solution at room temperature. During the synthesis pH of 8.5 was maintained using NH4OH. Precipitates were washed, air dried and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with the energy dispersive spectroscopy detector (EDS), powder X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. All synthetic products obtained in the experiments form hexagonal needles less than 0.1 μm long. Elemental composition of six product phases is consistent with the objectives of the experiment. X-ray diffraction patterns reveal a shift toward lower angles 2θ for phases with higher lead contents. This indicates an enlargement of the lattice constants. The variation of parameters, however, is not linear (does not follow the Vegards law). Particularly the cell parameter c changes more for phases reach in lead. These results are in agreement with those reported previously (Bigi et al. 1991, Hadrich et al. 2001). A shift of band position is also observed in both FTIR and Raman spectra. All the bands shift towards lower wave number with increasing Pb content. In most cases the shift is not linear exhibiting two trends similar to those of crystal lattice parameters. This may indicate that the vibrational properties of the phases in the series depend stronger on the bond length than on the atomic mass of substituting elements.
PL
Badaniom poddano głowy kości udowej usunięte podczas totalnej alloplastyki stawu biodrowego. Badania porowatości tych samych próbek kości wykonano trzema metodami: metodą densymetryczną, pomiarów mikroskopowych oraz metodą wykorzystywaną w określaniu porowatości skał. Każda z wykorzystanych metod dała inne wyniki. Wyniki badań podsumowano i przedyskutowano.
EN
The porosity of heads of femur removed during general alloplastic surgery of iliac joint were examined using three various methods i.e.: densitometry, microscopic measurement and using classic method preferred for determination of porosity of rocks. Results of these examination were compared and show various value of porosity of the same samples.
PL
Głównym celem artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na potrzebę opracowania i wdrożenia systemu monitorująco-dozującego zrzutu zasolonych wód kopalnianych. Obecnie kopalnie węgla kamiennego stosują hydrotechniczną metodę ograniczania zrzutu słonych wód kopalnianych do cieków powierzchniowych polegającą na czasowym gromadzeniu wód słonych w zbiornikach retencyjnych i kontrolowanym ich zrzucie do rzeki Wisły. Metoda ta polega na wprowadzaniu słonych wód do rzeki w okresie zwiększonych przepływów wód, natomiast w przypadku niskich przepływów, zrzut jest wstrzymywany lub prowadzony w ograniczonym zakresie. Nie ma współdziałania między kopalniami, każda z osobna podejmuje decyzje o wielkości i terminie zrzutu nagromadzonych wód, co prowadzi do chaotycznej zmienności zasolenia Wisły. Autorzy zwracają uwagę na konieczność współdziałania kopalń w zakresie hydrotechnicznego ograniczania zrzutu słonych wód kopalnianych do Wisły. Powinno ono polegać na skoordynowanych zrzutach solanek z kopalń, sterowanych zintegrowanym system monitorowania i dozowania, dzięki czemu stężenia soli w wodach miałyby stabilny, a nie stochastyczny rozkład sterowane zrzuty wód kopalnianych pozwalałyby na osiąganie stężeń soli w Wiśle na wymaganych prawem poziomach.
EN
The main aim of his paper is to consider the need of development and implementation of an integral monitoring and batching system of saline mine water discharge. Currently, the mines use a hydrotechnical method of limiting the discharge of saline mine waters into the surface streams. In this method the temporary accumulated saline water in storage reservoirs is controlled during the discharge into the Vistula river. This method consist in introducing saline waters into the river in the period of increased water flows. Alternatively, in the period of low flows, the discharge in held or proceeded to a limited extent. Due to the lack of coexistence between particular mines, in respect of the date and amount of the water discharge, the Vistula river is of variable level of salinity. The authors focus on the necessity of cooperation between mines with the hydrotechnical limitation of saline water discharge into the Vistula river. The cooperation should ensure a coordinated discharge of saline waters from mines controlled by the integrated monitoring and batching system. In this case the salt concentration in waters would have a stable distribution, not a stochastic one. Additionally, the controlled water discharge would allow to obtain the concentration of salt in Vistula waters at the level required by law.
19
Content available Nadzór i kontrole probiercze - podstawowe pojęcia
PL
Celem artykułu jest uporządkowanie i zdefiniowanie podstawowych pojęć związanych z wykonywaniem przez organy administracji probierczej zadań w dziedzinie nadzoru, którego sprawowanie jest jednym z podstawowych obowiązków tych organów. Tematyka ta wydaje się interesująca z uwagi na powszechność użytkowania wyrobów z metali szlachetnych.
EN
This article aims to systematize and define the basic concepts related to the supervisory tasks of the assay authorities, whose execution is one of the primary responsibilities of these bodies. This subject seems to be interesting because of the widespread use of the articles made of precious metals.
20
Content available remote Halogen substitution in synthetic lead apatite compounds Raman spectroscopy study
EN
Mimetite Pb10(AsO4)6Cl2, vanadinite Pb10(VO4)6Cl2 and pyromorphite Pb10(PO4)6Cl2 are minerals isostructural with apatite occurring in the oxidation zones of Pb deposits. They exhibit hexagonal structure and rod-shape morphology. To date, most published research on crystal chemistry of lead apatites concentrated on cationic substitutions in crystalline structure (Ca, Pb, Sr etc.). Little is known, however, on anionic solid solutions, particularly on systematic changes in the structure and properties due to halogen substitutions in lead apatites. Precipitation of lead apatites is often used for immobilization of toxic forms of Pb and As in the environment. More recently, immobilization of radioactive isotope 129I in the form of lead apatites was proposed. This isotope is released as a result of accidents at nuclear power plants (Zhang et al. 2007, Stennet et al. 2011, Redfern et al. 2012). Halogen varieties of lead apatites are also used in chemical engineering as environmentally friendly catalysts (Masaoka & Kyono 2006). The objective of this project was synthesis of halogen-substituted lead apatites in pyromorphite series Pb10(PO4)6(F, Cl, Br, I)2, mimetite series Pb10(AsO4)6(F, Cl, Br, I)2, and vanadinite series Pb10(VO4)6(F, Cl, Br, I)2, followed by characteristics of X-ray diffraction patterns and Raman spectra. This will contribute to our knowledge on mechanisms and effects of anionie substitutions in this group of mineral phases. Based on the literature and pilot experiments we developed an efficient method of synthesis of Pb apatite solid solutions which allows for full control on stoichiometry, and results in crystalline, homogeneous precipitate. Lead apatites were synthesized at room temperatures from aqueous solutions of Pbq , phosphates/arsenates/vanadates, and Faq, Claq, Braq, or Iaq solutions mixed in stoichiometric proportions. Solutions are mixed dropwise in large (2 dm3) reactor with distilled water. Suspension is left for 48 hours for aging, filtered and air-dried. X-ray powder diffraction is used for identification of solid phases. Qualitative analysis allows also for identification of systematic shifts in diffraction patterns resulting from halogen substitutions. Calculation of lattice parameters is used to quantify the systematic effects of substitutions on unit cell dimensions. For the first time Raman spectroscopy was applied to most of crystalline phases in question. Analysis of systematic spectral shifts with anionic substitutions was performed which allowed for explanation of molecular structural reasons for spectral shifts as well as for development of identification procedures with the use of Raman spectroscopy. All phases preserve their hexagonal crystalline structure. Both diffraction patterns and Raman spectra corresponding to each synthesized phases exhibit systematic shifts in the series. The most pronounced features on Raman spectrum are shifts of double bands resulting from phosphate stretching mode from 968/932 through 945/918 to 941/910 cm-1 for F, Cl and Br substituted pyromorphites, respectively. Similar trends are observed for mimetite and vanadinite series. These shifts progress towards lower angles 2Θ in XRD patterns and lower Raman shifts on the spectra which is consistent with the increasing ionic radius and atomic mass of the elements resulting in larger unit cell and more rigid chemical bonds. These results confirm that solid-solutions between these phases are possible and result in systematic changes in the structure and spectroscopic properties.
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