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EN
The presented paper discusses the theoretical safety issues in complex sociotechnical systems. The traditional efforts to deal with the accidents/hazard events identification problem for complex systems seem to be insufficient, because they have tended to neglect or omitted the broader sociotechnical environment. Following this, a brief literature review in the area of sociotechnical systems modelling is provided. This gives the possibility to develop a formal model for hazard events (safety risk events) occurrence in man-machine-environment systems. The detailed analysis is provided for the performance of transportation systems.
PL
Prezentowany artykuł omawia teoretyczne kwestie bezpieczeństwa złożonych systemów antropotechnicznych. Tradycyjne podejścia w celu rozwiązania problemu właściwej identyfikacji zagrożeń wydają się być niewystarczające, ponieważ zwykle zaniedbują lub pomijają szerszy kontekst socjotechniczny otoczenia. W związku z tym krótko przedstawiono przegląd literatury w obszarze modelowania systemów antropotechnicznych. Pozwoliło to na opracowanie formalnego modelu matematycznego dla opisu zagrożeń występujących w układzie: człowiek-maszyna-otoczenie. Szczegółowa analiza została przedstawiona dla systemu transportowego.
EN
The article presents the problem of the influence of thermodynamic factors on human fallibility in different zones of thermal discomfort. Describes the processes of energy in the human body. Been given a formal description of the energy balance of the human body thermoregulation. Pointed to human reactions to temperature changes of internal and external environment, including reactions associated with exercise. The methodology to estimate and determine the reliability of indicators of human basal acting in different zones of thermal discomfort. The significant effect of thermodynamic factors on the reliability and security of person.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono problematykę wpływu czynników termodynamicznych na zawodność człowieka w różnych strefach dyskomfortu termicznego. Opisano procesy przemian energetycznych w organizmie człowieka. Podano formalny opis bilansu energetycznego termoregulacji organizmu człowieka. Wskazano na reakcje człowieka na zmiany temperatury wewnętrznego i zewnętrznego otoczenia, w tym reakcje związane z wysiłkiem fizycznym. Przedstawiono metodykę oszacowania i określenia podstawnych wskaźników niezawodnościowych człowieka działającego w różnych strefach dyskomfortu termicznego. Wykazano istotny wpływ czynników termodynamicznych na niezawodność i bezpieczność człowieka.
3
Content available remote Safety and reliability of a three-state system at variable operation conditions
EN
There is proposed the method of reliability analysis of a three-state system at variable operations conditions. Introduced are the notions of the conditional and unconditional the three-state system reliability functions, the mean values of system lifetimes in the reliability state subsets and in the particular reliability states, the system risk function, and the moment when the system risk function exceeds its permitted level. These characteristics are determined for an exemplary three-state system operating at four operation states.
PL
Zaproponowana jest metoda analizy niezawodności systemu trójstanowego w zmiennych warunkach eksploatacji. Wprowadzone są pojęcia warunkowych i bezwarunkowych trójstanowych funkcji niezawodności systemu, wartości średnie bezwarunkowych czasów przebywania systemu w podzbiorach stanów oraz w poszczególnych stanach niezawodnościowych, funkcja ryzyka systemu oraz moment przekroczenia dopuszczalnego poziomu funkcji ryzyka. Charakterystyki te wyznaczone są dla przykładowego systemu trójstanowego eksploatowanego w czterech stanach eksploatacyjnych.
4
Content available Introduction to the theory of hazards
EN
The paper outlines the theory of risks occurring during the use of the antropotechnical type systems. In the presented approach a logical theory of mathematical principles of reliability and man - machine systems theories have been used. Unreliability and failure of the man - machine system depends on the circumstances in which it is located for which four states is possible to identify: natural environment, environment technosphere type state, man psychological state, device technical state. It was pointed out that into the phenomenological reality type surroundings where antropotechnical type systems is operating, potential damages and in their follows as inefficient damages and losses are possible, results processing both energy and information into the useful and awaiting results. It consists of a variety of factors forcing undesirable changes in the antropotechnical type system. The destruction process of the antropotechnical type system under operation results external forces treatment from the environment, including technosphere type of infrastructure and internal forces of destructive processes, as well as any control errors generated by the human (e.g.: device operator, decision maker). The possible sequence of cause undesirable consequences inevitably resulted in the creation is presented as follows: 1. primary causes type of adverse events - they are internal and/ or external factors and failure to enforce human from original reliability, 2. secondary causes type effect - they are damages and losses and the consequences of legal and financial nature. The primary causes type results with damage to the device, the inefficient operator ending destruction and degradation of environment. It has been accepting that risky procedure is based on taken responsibility for any damages or losses, taken danger possible events of any project under consideration, as well as any results which are not known in advance. The risky decision is when we are taken any decision under uncertainty conditions and possible hazards whose consequences to be feared. It was pointed out also that in certain circumstances, dynamic assessment of acceptable level of risk is based on estimation the ability the expected remaining time to hazardous events. It was suggested that the theory of risk in practice forms the scientific basis for engineering safety as a separate discipline of technical sciences.
5
Content available remote Wprowadzenie do cybernetycznej teorii zagrożeń
PL
W referacie przedstawiono wybrane, ważniejsze elementy cybernetycznej teorii zagrożeń. Przyjęto, że teoria zagrożeń, powinna się zajmować modelowaniem i formalnym opisem zachowania się układów antropotechnicznych, działających w niebezpiecznych okolicznościach. Jako podstawowe, opisywane są trójstanowe systemy: człowieka, obiektu technicznego i infrastruktury transportu. Jako oczywisty aspekt teorii uznano jakościowy i formalny opis bezpiecznościowych charakterystyk.
EN
The paper presents selected highlights of the cybernetic theory of hazards. This theory is a basis for high school teaching of safety engineering. It is assumed that the theory of hazard, should be dealt with modeling and formal description of the behavior of the antropotechnical system in dangerous circumstances. As a basic tri-state systems are described: operator, mean and infrastructure of transport. The interactivity elements of system present matrices of desired and undesired incidents transition in the system multi-state threats. As an obvious aspect of the theory was qualitative and formal description unsafety characteristics. Unsafety states of antropotechnical system divided into border and critical. The critical state of the system that not less than one element of the system is in critical condition. Times attributed the occurrence of damage, making mistakes and critical impact forcing factors are treated as random variables. It is assumed that the basic characteristics of developments the dangerous circumstances are the intensity of critical failures and / or irreversible human errors. The unsafety characteristics represent a conditional unsafety probability and are associated with the coefficients of expected time to critical events.
EN
Ship traffic on the Baltic Sea grows each year affecting the shipping safety and boosts chances of collision with other vessel. In this article the modelling of hazard of collision is presented for ship routes crossing, taking advantage of function Copula and methods of queuing theory.
PL
Gęstość ruchu statków na Bałtyku wzrasta każdego roku, powodując zwiększone ryzyko wystąpienia kolizji statków. W pracy przedstawiono modelowanie zagrożeń dla kolizyjnych strumieni transportowych, wykorzystujące funkcje Copula i metody obsługi masowej.
EN
Durability is one of the most important features of components (elements and subsystems) and technical technical objectss as a whole. By durability we understand the capability of an item to maintain its useful properties under given circumstances of work and maintenance until a limit state is achieved. Borderstates are understood as states when an object for technical reasons, economic reasons or functional reasons (innovative) and/or for other essential reasons is no longer fit for use. The measure of durability of technical objects is a period of use after which a objects loses its serviceability according to its design. The moment a technical object loses its required properties is called the top border of durability. However, it is worth noting, that the moment starting from which an item is no longer fit for use is not always a distinct one. Therefore, a multi-aspect selection of criteria determinating the upper limit of operation time is the crucial issue.
EN
The paper presents the properties of normalized and generalised beta distributions. Possibility of the use of beta distributions to estimate the reliability and safety of technical transport systems is presented. Suggested is an approach to a method of supplementing the inadequate information with data generated in statistical investigation on the grounds of expert estimates employed for estimating the parameters of beta distributions.
PL
W pracy omówiono właściwości znormalizowanego i uogólnionego rozkładu beta. Przedstawiono możliwość stosowania rozkładów beta do szacowania niezawodności i bezpieczeństwa technicznych systemów transportowych. Zaproponowano pewien sposób podejścia do metody uzupełniania niepełnych informacji danymi wygenerowanymi w trakcie badań statystycznych na bazie eksperckich szacunków zastosowanych do szacunkowej oceny parametrów rozkładów beta.
PL
W referacie przedstawiono wybrane problemy inżynierii bezpieczeństwa, a w tym: elementy inżynierii w ujęciu systemowym, analiza struktury systemu bezpieczeństwa projektowanie systemów bezpieczeństwa i konkluzja.
EN
In this paper is presented selected problems of safety engineering with follows subproblems: components of safety engineering in system aspects ,analysis of the safety system structure and behavior, designing of safety systems and conclusion.
10
Content available Risk analysis of transport systems
EN
It is assumed that the decision analysis is to be used to create rational premises of safe operation of controlled systems under uncertainty conditions. Diagnosis and Decision System is described on the system, which consists of the environment diagnostic facilities human being controlled system. The function of this system is to recognise dangerous operating situations and to generate a warning that some danger might occur as well as to create rational premises for prevention of incorrect decisions that are made during the operation of the controlled system. The processing of messages is carried out in compliance with the conventional Calculus of logic including the double negation law. The Diagnosis and Decision model presented in this paper is universal to a great extent. The block diagram of the diagnosis and decision system, tree of events in a DD system, message creation tables are presented in the paper. The block diagram of the diagnosis and decision system includes Environment, Controlled System, Human Being (Operator, Diagnostician), Diagnostic Facilities, Controlled System or Environment Output State, Hazard Symptom, Warning Signal, Operation Decision. Tree of Events includes occurrence of a controlled system inoperativity or operativity state, presence or absence of: a symptom, a signal; controlled system operation permitting or inhibiting decision, message identity or negation processing law. Message Creation Tables includes presence or absence of: a false symptom, a true symptom, a false alarm, a true ALARM; correct or incorrect: permission, controlled system operation inhibition.
11
Content available remote The man - machine type systems modeling approach
EN
The subject of this paper deals with selected usable characteristics of man - machine systems described by the selected basic attributes. The paper is describing also major objectives of safety engineering, based on the system approach, understanding the structure of safety management system, including the human factor, and all interrelationships between the system components. The part of the paper is example of safety engineering implementations in practice.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest modelowanie złożonych układów technicznych typu człowiek - maszyna. Istotą modelowania układu z uwagi na sformułowany cel działania jest wybór opisującego zbioru właściwości, które zostały szczegółowo opisane. W artykule uwagę zwrócono ponadto na zagadnienie inżynierii bezpieczeństwa obejmującej między innymi strukturę układu typu człowiek - maszyna z uwzględnieniem ich potencjałów oraz relacji pomiędzy wyróżnionymi elementami i otoczeniem. Przedstawiono ponadto przykład kształtowania bezpieczeństwa układu typu człowiek - maszyna w transporcie.
12
Content available remote Selected problems of description and estimation of durability
EN
The subject of this paper deals with different aspects of durability: physically,technical,safely,innovative and economic.Likewise is presented the basis reasons of usable characteristics losses and some selected durability coefficients.
PL
W opracowaniu przedstawiono rozważania o różnych aspektach trwałości: fizycznych, technicznych, bezpiecznościowych ,innowacyjnych i ekonomicznych. Omówiono także podstawowe przyczyny utraty trwałości i niektóre wskaźniki trwałości.
13
EN
The subject of this paper deals with dependability of machine systems base on selected usable characteristics. In the subsystem man-machine and environment, determined tasks are carried out. The sequence of activity is following: man handles machine, which in turn makes the environment deliver desired reaction, e.g. processing or transportation. A machine and desired reaction of environment will recognize the positive effect of above activities as carrying out of set task. It is also of utmost importance that the man and machine's impact on environment is efficient and harmless. Therefore the selection of an adequate machine and its operator to carry out the given task is crucial. The circumstances considered as undesired for task implementation are identified as hazard to man and machine. Within the endangered man - machine and environment subsystem, we can distinguish following phases in the machine degradation process: worthy, partially worthy, partially unworthy, critically unworthy and totally unworthy. The selection of adequate means towards achieving set goals is considered important, and, subsequently, the description of selected machine and human (as operator and decision maker) attributes has been undertaken. The basic attributes of man and machine complex are: adequacy, dependability, safety, durability and effectiveness. Adequacy, described as common machine property, turns out to be a collection of four attributes: functionality, configurability, coverage, and programmability. Reliability, on closer inspection, as a combined property of man -machine complex, is described by four attributes: reliability, redundancy, faultlessness and availability. Safety, as a man - machine - environment property is described by a collection of five attributes: protectionability, hazardousness, harmlessness, safeguardability and deleteriousness. Durability as a machine property can be described by five attributes: strength, refractoriness, maintainability, supportability and serviceability. Effectiveness as a man - machine system property is described by four attributes: efficiency, capability, economically and managementability. It is acceptable to assume that the attributes mentioned above can be of use when selecting machines for outdoor exploitation and facilitating of selected tasks. Particular significance is in the relations between basic attributes of the man - machine - environment subsystem, namely: dependability is the starting point for safety and effectiveness, durability assures dependability, safety and effectiveness, adequacy guarantees a successful outcome of all named attributes of man - machine system.
14
Content available remote Relations between safety and security in technical systems
EN
The subject of this paper deals with the relationship between safety and security of the man - machine system. In the above system a man can act both as a decision - maker and operator. His desired psychophysical efficiency lies in the undertaking the correct decisions as well as in the skilful machine control and operating.
PL
Przedmiotem referatu są relacje między pojęciami bezpieczeństwa i bezpieczności w układzie człowiek – maszyna. Człowiek może występować w takim układzie jako decydent i operator. Jego pożądana sprawność psychofizyczna polega na umiejętności podejmowania słusznych decyzji oraz na sprawnym sterowaniu i operowaniu maszyną.
15
Content available remote The follow-up safety systems and the occurrence of unpredictable hazardous events
EN
The intended aim of the paper is to make an effort to analyse several methods of building safety systems from the standpoint of probability of occurrence of an unpredictable hazardous critical accidents (crisis situation). Such being the case, there arises a necessity to build safety systems in the course of the critically circumstances (crisis situation). To satisfy this objective, the already existing safety systems are used and enriched with new components introduced to supplement them. Some conclusions in this field have been reached in the paper. The problem has been included with such events like the flood in Poland, Tsunami, Katrina hurricane and the terrorist attack in New York and Washington.
EN
Numerous significant events in the course of flying its mission should be included into the only rarely occurring ones. Therefore, the usually insufficient statistical data base should be supplemented using the expert method. In the work the expert method has been applied to determine the parameters of the triangular and beta distribution
17
Content available remote The equable maintenance strategy
EN
Method of control of the risk of failure of the objects to which preventive renewal method is applied under the zero option maintenance strategy.
PL
Uznając za ważny problem, dobór właściwych środków do realizacji zadań zajęto się opisem wybranych cech użytkowych maszyny a także niektórych właściwości człowieka. Do głównych cech i właściwości układu: człowiek - maszyna zaliczono: odpowiedniość, niezawodność, bezpieczność, trwałość i efektywność.
EN
Considering choice of right means for task realization as a serious problem a description of some selected machine functional quality signatures have been presented together with some human factors characteristics. Adequacy, dependability, safety, durability and effectiveness have been classified as fundamental attributes of man -machine system.
PL
Współczesne systemy techniczne charakteryzują się coraz to większą złożonością. Wiele elementów składowych systemu, oprócz realizowanych funkcji w systemie, posiada określony nadmiar: funkcjonalny, parametryczny, informacyjny, wytrzymałościowy itp. Zbudowany z takich elementów system posiada niezamierzoną, nadmiarową strukturę niezawodnościową. Strukturę taką autorzy nazwali domyślną strukturą nadmiarową systemu. Badania domyślnej struktury nadmiarowej dokonano na przykładzie samolotu. W pracy podano miary "nadmiarowości" domyślnej struktury niezawodności. Jako miarę nadmiarowości przyjęto prawdopodobieństwo negatywnych skutków uszkodzenia statku powietrznego w czasie lotu, dla bezpieczeństwa i wykonania zadania. Korzystając z istniejącego systemu zbierania informacji o uszkodzeniach statku powietrznego SAN (System Analizy Niezawodności), wyznaczono eksploatacyjne miary nadmiarowości w odniesieniu do bezpieczeństwa i wykonania zadania. W pracy opisano algorytm wyznaczania modeli matematycznych, rozkładu wskaźników nadmiarowości statku powietrznego. W zakończeniu sformułowano wnioski.
EN
Contemporary engineering systems are characterized by higher and higher complexity. Many elements of the system components, besides the realized functions within the system, have a defined excess: functional, parametric, informative, strength etc. The system consisting of such elements has unintentional redundant reliability structure. Such a structure the authors named "presumable" redundancy structure of the system. The presumable redundancy structure testing has been done on the example of an aircraft. In the work measures of redundancy for the presumable reliability structures have been given. Probability of negative results of the aircraft failure during its flight for safety and the carried out task has been accepted as the redundancy measure. Using the existing system of collecting data on failures of the aircraft SAN (System of Reliability Analysis) operational measures of redundancy have been determined in relation with the safety and the performed task. In the work an algorithm determining mathematical models, distribution of an aircraft redundancy rates have been described. Finally conclusions have been formulated.
20
Content available remote Analiza nadążnych systemów stowarzyszonych z punktu widzenia bezpieczeństwa
PL
Dotychczas prowadzono prace nad systemami wyposażonymi w układy zabezpieczające. Eksploatowane w pracy systemy techniczne wyposażone są w takie układy, np. bezpieczniki elektryczne i pneumatyczne, gaśnice przeciwpożarowe itp. Konstruowane obiekty techniczne posiadają zamontowane takie układy zabezpieczające. W ostatnim okresie częściej obserwuje się sytuacje takie jak: klęski żywiołowe, ataki terrorystyczne itp., dla których trudno przewidzieć i utrzymać w stanie gotowości określone systemy zabezpieczające. Narodził się w związku z tym termin - nadążny system bezpieczeństwa. Ideą tego systemu jest rozpoczęcie jego syntezy w chwili wystąpienia zapotrzebowania na jego występowanie. W pracy podano koncepcję nadążnego systemu bezpieczeństwa i opisano zasady jego modelowania. Rozważono problem systemu działania realizującego proces syntezy nadążnego systemu bezpieczeństwa. Do modelowania wykorzystano funkcję o losowych argumentach. W zakończeniu sformułowano wnioski.
EN
Up to the present, work has been carried out on systems furnished with safeguards. System/devices operated at work are furnished with such subsystems of protection, e.g. cutout fuses/switches, pneumatic safeguards, fire extinguishers , etc. Constructed technical objects usually have the built-in safeguards. Natural calamities, terrorist attacks, etc. have recently become more frequent disasters, for which it is difficult to provide and keep available any systems of protection. Therefore, the term "a follow-up safety system" has been originated. The idea of this system is to start a synthesis there of, as soon as the need arises. What has been presented in the paper is a concept of a follow-up safety system. Principles of the system modeling have been described. The issue of the system's operation as to perform the synthesis of the follow-up safety system has been given deeper consideration. To model the system, a function with random arguments has been used. Conclusions follow.
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