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Methods for acquiring data on terrain geomorphology, course geometry and kinematics of competitors’ runs in alpine skiing : a historical review

Erdmann W. S., Giovanis V., Aschenbrenner P., Kiriakis V., Suchanowski A.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

2017

Vol. 19, no. 1

69--79

Purpose: This paper aims at the description and comparison of methods of topographic analysis of racing courses at all disciplines of alpine skiing sports for the purposes of obtaining: terrain geomorphology (snowless and with snow), course geometry, and competitors’ runs. Methods: The review presents specific methods and instruments according to the order of their historical appearance as follows: (1) azimuth method with the use of a compass, tape and goniometer instruments; (2) optical method with geodetic theodolite, laser and photocells; (3) triangulation method with the aid of a tape and goniometer; (4) image method with the use of video cameras; (5) differential global positioning system and carrier phase global positioning system methods. Results: Described methods were used at homologation procedure, at training sessions, during competitions of local level and during International Ski Federation World Championships or World Cups. Some methods were used together. Conclusions: In order to provide detailed data on course setting and skiers’ running it is recommended to analyse course geometry and kinematics data of competitors’ running for all important competitions.

Balance control contributors - the relationships between leg strength and balance control ability in seniors

Łapszo J., Giovanis V., Prusik K., Prusik K.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

2012

Vol. 14, no. 3

3-8

The paper presents a study on leg strength as a balance control ability contributor. 9 seniors with the average age of 69.8 years participated in the experimental study. A psychomotor efficiency timer and a standard stabilograph were used in the study. The timer consisted of a computer, a controller and an arm and leg strength measurement station. The subjects performed stepping up movements with the left and right leg in response to two audio-visual signals. The strength of legs was measured indirectly by the time of straightening the first leg put on the step-box. The balance control ability was tested on the basis of the length of the line of center pressure oscillations in the standing position on a force platform. The relationships between the tested factors were examined on the basis of Pearson's correlation. We have found a strong correlation between the balance control ability and the left (0.77) and the right (0.83) leg relative strength and correlation between the strength of the left and the right leg (0.95). Our study has shown that relative leg strength may be treated as a contributor to postural balance control ability.