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Badanie skuteczności działania amortyzatorów w świetle obowiązujących przepisów prawnych w Polsce i na Słowacji

Gorzelańczyk P., Wachowiak P., Kalina T.

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

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2018

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R. 19, nr 6

764--770, CD

PL

Budowa amortyzatorów z biegiem lat bardzo się zmieniała. Wraz z rozwojem technologicznym samochodów pojawiały się coraz nowsze ich modele. Technologie stosowane w amortyzatorach były ulepszane wraz z ich rozwojem, aby sprostać wymogom producentów samochodów. Głównym celem stosowania amortyzatorów w samochodzie jest zapewnienie utrzymania ciągłego kontaktu kół z nawierzchnią drogi poprzez przechwycenie i rozproszenie nadmiaru energii w układzie mechanicznym. W dzisiejszych czasach używanych jest wiele różnych rodzajów amortyzatorów, do których możemy zaliczyć m.in. amortyzatory mechaniczne, hydrauliczne, hydrauliczno-pneumatyczne, magnetyczne, elektromagnetyczne, cierne, powietrzne, elastomerowe, sprężynowe oraz gumowe, których przeznaczenie oraz budowa pozwala na pracę w różnych warunkach atmosferycznych na całym świecie. W pracy dokonano na stacji kontroli pojazdów, badania stanu technicznego amortyzatorów w 30 samochodach poruszających się po polskich drogach. Następnie sprawdzono te wyniki z przepisami prawnymi obowiązującymi w Polsce i na Słowacji.

EN

The construction of shock absorbers has changed over the years. With the technological development of cars, newer and newer models appeared. The technologies used in shock absorbers have been improved along with their development to meet the requirements of car manufacturers. The main purpose of using shock absorbers in the car is to ensure continuous contact of the wheels with the road surface and the comfort of driving by appropriate damping of vibrations captured from the body. Nowadays, many different types of shock absorbers are used, i.e. mechanical, hydraulic and hydraulic-pneumatic and many others which purpose and construction allows them to work in various atmospheric conditions all over the world. For this reason the shock absorbers of 30 cars traveling on Polish roads were examined at the vehicle inspection station. After the trails these results were contrasted with the legal provisions in force in Poland and Slovakia.

2

Threats and risks during transportation of lng on european inland waterways

Galierikova A., Kalina T., Sosedova J.

Transport Problems

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2017

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T. 12, z. 1

73--81

EN

This paper describes guidelines and recommendations for emergencies and incidents on inland waterways. It also provides a review of existing knowledge of an LNG incident that occurred along the European inland waterway corridors. The article also reports on the latest progress in incident guidelines and describes the tools for port authorities to control credible scenarios produced by human or technical failures. This paper aims to analyse the risks that occur during transportation of liquefied natural gas. The possible strategies for the elimination of LNG spills and accidents are also discussed.

3

LNG as alternative fuel for railway transport

Barta D., Brezáni M., Kalina T.

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

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2016

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R. 17, nr 6

64--67

EN

Despite the innovating transport technologies around the globe, transport sector is the fastest growing consumer of energy and producer of greenhouse gases in the European Union and this trend is expected to continue in next years. Energy security is the one of the key condition of smooth functioning of state. Nowadays only few European countries are energy self-sufficient. Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Russian Federation and United Kingdom produce more energy than they can consume. Countries in Central and Eastern Europe are absolutely dependent on imported oil and gas from other suppliers. This paper gives basic information about Liquefied Natural Gas as a greener alternative to other fossil fuels. It focuses on basic properties of LNG, which are fundamental to understanding LNG correctly and then possibly use it as a fuel for rail vehicles.

4

LNG fuel of future for inland water vessel

Kalina T., Grobarčíková A.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów / Politechnika Warszawska

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2014

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z. 3/99

69--78

EN

Nowadays many countries adapt to the general trend of replacing fossil fuels such as coal, lignite and oil well by environmentally more friendly natural gas. The weakest link in the process chain of gas path from source to final consumer is a long haul. Current technology for natural gas transport allows long distances through pipelines or tankers in liquefied form (LNG). Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is expected to become the dominant fuel source for all merchant ships in this decade. This trend is supported by not only increasing the cost of traditional fuels, but also a tightening emission limits SOx, NOx and COx for marine engine.

PL

Obecnie wiele krajów dostosowuje się do ogólnej tendencji zastępowania paliw kopalnych, takich jak węgiel, węgiel brunatny oraz ropa naftowa, przez bardziej przyjazny dla środowiska gaz naturalny (natural gas – NG). Najsłabszym ogniwem w łańcuchu procesowym ścieżki gazowej od źródła do konsumenta końcowego jest transport dalekobieżny. Obecna technologia pozwala na transport gazu ziemnego na duże odległości za pośrednictwem rurociągów lub cystern, gdzie gaz jest w postaci skroplonej (LNG). Oczekuje się, że skroplony gaz ziemny (LNG) stanie się dominującym źródłem paliwa dla wszystkich statków handlowych w tej dekadzie. Tendencja ta jest widoczna nie tylko z powodu zwiększania kosztów paliw tradycyjnych, ale także zaostrzenia limitów emisji SOx, NOx i COx dla silników morskich.

5

River – Sea Technology in Transport of Energy Products

Kalina T., Piala P.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2012

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Vol. 6, no. 4

469--473

EN

One of the key conditions to the smooth functioning of the state is its energy security. Most countries in Central and Eastern Europe are dependent on imported energy raw materials from one supplier. In connection with the growing importance of diversification of energy products, technologies and supply routes. Security of supply of strategic energy resources can be better ensured by using far less preferred alternatives. An example would be the use of inland waterways for delivery of energy products to the end consumers and enabling deliveries to places where the geographical, demographic or environmental specificities do not use traditional means.

6

Simulation of ship management in preparation of professionals for inland navigation

Kalina T., Mikušová M.

Logistyka

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2011

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nr 6

EN

Increased movement of cargo and passenger ships requires increased demands on the leaders of vessels, their qualifications and professional skills. Qualified leader of river vessels must develop their theoretical knowledge and practical experience of several years to handle the various sections of the shipping route. As an effective alternative appears to use the simulator motion of the vessel for the purpose of training and career development of practical skills leaders vessels, which would simulate navigation in all conditions and all seasons.

7

Emission limits of inland waterway vessel engines in accordance with EU legislation

Kalina T., Piala P.

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2006

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nr 4

96-97

EN

The problems of legislation of the EU relating to gasseous and particulate pollutants from internal combustion engines installed in non - road mobile machinery deals with directive of the European Parliament and of the Council 97/68/ES reformed with directive 2004/26/ES include inland shipping vessels.