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Kinetics of flotation. Order of process, rate constant distribution and ultimate recovery

Bu X., Xie G., Peng Y., Ge L., Ni C.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

2017

Vol. 53, iss. 1

342--365

Kinetic models can be used to characterize the flotation process. In this paper, three primary parameters, namely, distribution of flotation rate constant f(K), order of flotation process n and ultimate recovery R∞ are presented to perform analysis of flotation kinetics. The flotation rate constant f(K) is a function of both the size and hydrophobicity of particles. Though the more commonly used distributions are Delta function as well as Rectangular, Kelsall and Gamma models, there is no agreement in the literature as to which distribution function better characterize the floatability distribution. The first-order models can be used to describe most mineral flotation processes, while there is also evidence that the non-integral-order equation is capable of representing the kinetic characteristics of the batch flotation process. The order is lower than 1 in the initial moments of the flotation process. The solution of ultimate recovery calculated by the least squares method is greater than 100% (R∞ >100%). An empirical model was proposed to avoid the improper phenomenon in the solution of ultimate recovery, which can improve the availability and validity of kinetic models. Finally, more attention should be paid to the overfitting resulting from the increase in the number of parameters in the statistical analysis of kinetic models.

Mild Method to Synthesize TATB by Amination of 1,3,5-Trialkoxy-2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene under Phase Transfer Catalysis Conditions

Chang T., Li B., Chen L., Ge L., Lu M.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

2017

Vol. 14, no. 1

47--59

Nucleophilic amination, as a vital step in the synthesis of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) using 1,3,5-trialkoxy-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TORTNB) and aqueous ammonia as the starting materials and catalyzed by phase transfer catalysis (PTCs) under mild conditions is described. Various phase transfer catalysts, such as crown ethers, tertiary amines, quaternary ammonium salts, poly ethers and cyclodextrin, and various experimental parameters, such as no. of equivalents of PTC, mole ratio of ammonium hydroxide to the starting material, reaction time, reaction temperature and cycle times of the organic phase were investigated. The crown ethers, especially 18-crown-6, show good catalytic activity and re-usability for the amination of 1,3,5-triethoxy-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene giving a yield of 96.52%. This makes for a safe process and suitable for scale-up, because the reactions are carried out under atmospheric conditions. The material synthesised by the new system was characterized by DSC, SEM and LPS.