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Management of the Parameters of the Explosive Impact on the Soil Mass Due to the Use of Low-Density Explosives

Remez Natalya, Dychko Alina, Vovk Oksana, Khlevniuk Tamara, Khlevniuk Denys

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2023

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no. 1

53--59

EN

On the basis of numerical calculations of the problem of the explosion of cylindrical charges of explosive substances in soils, the dependences of maximum pressure, maximum and residual deformations for various types of explosive substances on time and distance are obtained. It is established that the lowest peak pressure with the longest duration of the explosive pulse is observed for charges based on foamed types of explosives, both conventional and treated with ultrasonic radiation. The maximum pressure of these types of explosives is 20–49% less, and the duration of the explosive impulse is in 3–3.5 times longer than compared to the standard low-density explosive – igdanite. The low value of the peak detonation pressure, achieved by reducing the density of explosives, reduces the volume concentration of the energy of the charges, which, in turn, increases the efficiency of the explosive transformation energy in the far zone. The growth time of the explosive impulse of charges based on foamed explosives, both conventional and treated with ultrasonic radiation, is in 2.47 times greater than for igdanite. It is found that in the near zone during the explosion of an igdanite charge, significantly higher values of hydrostatic pressure and maximum volumetric deformation are achieved than in the case of a foamed explosive explosion, which is a consequence of higher detonation characteristics of igdanite: density, pressure at the Jouget point, detonation rate. The time to reach the maximum pressure and deformation during an igdanite explosion is much shorter, because the detonation rate of igdanite is higher than that of foamed explosives. The parameters of shock waves during explosions of charges of new mixed explosives in the middle zone can be compared with the same parameters from traditional industrial explosives, such as igdanite, and in the far zone of the explosion, they exceed them. The difference in the maximum volumetric deformations in igdanite explosions is 7–15% compared to the explosions of foamed explosive and foamed explosive treated with ultrasound, respectively. When detonating a sonicated foamed explosive, the residual deformation is 9–10% greater than when detonating a nonsonicated foamed explosive charge.

PL

Na podstawie obliczeń numerycznych problemu wybuchu cylindrycznych ładunków substancji wybuchowych w glebach uzyskuje się zależności maksymalnego ciśnienia, odkształceń maksymalnych i szczątkowych dla rożnych rodzajów substancji wybuchowych w czasie i odległości. Stwierdzono, że najniższe ciśnienie szczytowe przy najdłuższym czasie trwania impulsu wybuchowego obserwuje się dla ładunków opartych na materiałach wybuchowych spienionych, zarówno konwencjonalnych, jak i poddanych działaniu promieniowania ultradźwiękowego. Maksymalne ciśnienie tego typu materiałów wybuchowych jest o 20–49% mniejsze, a czas trwania impulsu wybuchowego jest 3–3,5 razy dłuższy niż w przypadku standardowego materiału wybuchowego małej gęstości – igdanitu. Niska wartość szczytowego ciśnienia detonacji, osiągnięta poprzez zmniejszenie gęstości MW, zmniejsza koncentrację objętościową energii ładunków, co z kolei zwiększa efektywność energii przemiany MW w strefie dalekiej. Czas narastania impulsu wybuchowego ładunków na bazie spienionych materiałów wybuchowych, zarówno konwencjonalnych, jak i poddanych działaniu promieniowania ultradźwiękowego, jest 2,47 razy większy niż dla igdanitu. Stwierdzono, że w strefie bliskiej podczas wybuchu ładunku igdanitu osiągane są znacznie wyższe wartości ciśnienia hydrostatycznego i maksymalnego odkształcenia objętościowego niż w przypadku wybuchu spienionego materiału wybuchowego, co jest konsekwencją wyższych charakterystyk detonacyjnych igdanitu: gęstości, ciśnienia w punkcie Jougeta, szybkości detonacji. Czas do osiągnięcia maksymalnego ciśnienia i odkształcenia podczas wybuchu igdanitu jest znacznie krótszy, ponieważ szybkość detonacji igdanitu jest większa niż w przypadku spienionych materiałów wybuchowych. Parametry fal uderzeniowych podczas wybuchów ładunków nowych mieszanek MW w środkowej strefie można porównać z parametrami tradycyjnych przemysłowych MW, takich jak igdanit, a w dalszej strefie wybuchu przewyższają je. Różnica w maksymalnych odkształceniach objętościowych w wybuchach igdanitu wynosi 7–15% w porównaniu odpowiednio do wybuchów spienionego materiału wybuchowego i spienionego materiału wybuchowego poddanego działaniu ultradźwięków. Podczas detonacji spienionego ładunku wybuchowego poddanego działaniu dźwięku, deformacja szczątkowa jest o 9–10% większa niż podczas detonacji spienionego ładunku wybuchowego nie poddanego działaniu dźwięku.

2

Risk-Oriented Approach to Assessment of Hexamethylenediamine Pollution of Aquatic Ecosystems

Lytvynenko Valeriia, Yeremeyev Igor, Dychko Alina

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

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Vol. 23, iss. 4

179--188

EN

HMD is widely used by industry in the manufacture of polyamide materials, as well as a substance in the production of epoxy resins and other substances. At the same time, HMD is a physiologically active, toxic and dangerous substance (hazard class II), which can cause burns, eczema-like dermatitis, diseases of the nervous system and gastrointestinal tract in humans. Wastewater contaminated with HMD, which is discharged into natural reservoirs, causes the death of aquatic organisms and aquatic vegetation, degrades the quality of water, which becomes unusable. HMDA is listed as a hazardous substance by the European Chemicals Agency and the American Conference of Government Hygienists of Industry.

3

Airport Runoff Management: Engineering Solutions

Zhelnovach Ganna, Belokon Karina, Barabash Olena, Dychko Alina

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

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Vol. 23, iss. 1

230--240

EN

Infrastructure of transport is one of the most serious sources of negative impact on the environment at the international level, which requires the adoption of effective integrated measures to organize its sustainable development in an environmental context. In the light of the world communication processes of globalization and population migration, the development of air transport acquires particular importance, which simultaneously leads to an increase in the level of impact on the environmental components of all its parts. At the same time, the issue of improving the efficiency of wastewater treatment and environmental components from airports Surface runoff pollution formed during the operation of infrastructure objects of air transport, in particular in Ukraine, is poorly studied. That fact actualizes the need to study the effectiveness of wastewater treatment of airports in the context of ensuring their sustainable development and determines the choice of research topics. On the basis of calculations on the volume volumes of surface runoff formation from the territory of International Airport Kharkiv in winter and summer, as well as taking into account international regulations, the scheme of cleaning surface runoff of the airport was proposed in this article. In order to improve the efficiency of Surface runoff treatment from the specific components of airport storm water and bring their qualitative indicators to the normative requirements, regulations on the use and operation of advanced treatment of surface runoff were developed. The recommendations to provide ecological stability of the International Airport Kharkiv functioning in the context of ecologically safe management of the airport storm water runoffs, as the constituent part of the state transport infrastructure were worked out.

4

Modeling a Set of Management Approaches for the Effective Operation of the Environmental Management System at the Business Entities

Barabash Olena, Weigang Ganna, Dychko Alina, Zhelnovach Ganna, Belokon Karina

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2021

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Vol. 22, iss. 6

1--10

EN

The paper presented the results of research on the choice of management approaches to ensure the effective functioning of the environmental management system of business entities. New challenges contribute to the formation of a new system of approaches to decision-making. Implementation of environmental management systems is conducted in accordance with the requirements of the international standard ISO 14001: 2015. Effective EMS is based on a balanced choice of management approaches, the main objective of which is to ensure environmental performance at each stage of the EMS implementation. The clear control of indicators of environmental-organizational changes and environmental performance criteria of environmental management system requires the formation of a set of complementary management approaches that promote productive decision-making to reduce risks and prevent criticality of the environment. The result of the study is the development of an algorithm of the procedure for selecting effective management approaches. The formation of structural model of approaches in the process of implementation and functioning of the environmental management system has helped to identify the organizational activities that ensure the environmental safety of business entities. A thorough analysis of each stage of the development, implementation and operation of environmental management system enabled identifying a set of management approaches, forming a vector of environmental and organizational changes in the activities of business entities. Taking into account the developed algorithm of the procedure of selecting managerial approaches and the conceptual model of assessing managerial approaches to the effective functioning of the environmental management system, a structural model of applying managerial approaches at each stage of implementation and functioning of the EMS to improve the environmental safety of business entities was built. The study pertaining to the stages of structural model and application of QFD-methodology (Quality Function Deployment) allowed building a matrix diagram, which defines a vector of orientation of approaches, taking into account their complexity and materiality.

5

Monitoring and management of geoengineering repositories of radioactive waste

Yeremeyev Igor, Dychko Alina, Kyselov Volodymyr, Zaichenko Stefan

Architecture Civil Engineering Environment

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2021

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Vol. 14, no. 3

103--109

EN

The paper provides the approach to the management of the repositories of radioactive waste, which include monitoring of contaminants migration into environment in case of natural or technogenic accidents which may influence on soil, subsoil waters and repository’ installations structures. The aim of the research is the development of system of estimation of radioactive state of the environment in the area of radioactive repository, based on the cumulative data, the knowledge base, set of rules of production, logical deduction gear and conclusion building gear by means of uncertain and incomplete input data. It is proposed the use of several models for the spectral characteristics of radioactive pollutants migration. The evaluation of possible damages of repository containment is made. The heuristics for the radioactive waste repository expert system are developed. The proposed procedure of quality definition of decision making for the radioactive waste repositories management should take into account the reliability of information about the state of the radioactive repository.

6

Monitoring and Biochemical Treatment of Wastewater

Dychko Alina, Remez Natalya, Kyselov Volodymyr, Kraychuk Serhii, Ostapchuk Nataliia, Kniazevych Anna

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 4

150--159

EN

The present paper provides the methodology for the environmental monitoring of natural and engineering wastewater systems, which involves the determination of the dichotomous fractal structure of the measuring network, the boundaries of the range and the density of pollution on the Peano and Koch curves, based on the data of the measuring network and the corresponding interpolation and smoothing algorithms, as well as determination of the dynamics of the pollution range using the Bayesian theorem. On the basis of the theory of fractals and the theory of sets, the developed algorithms for monitoring allow determining the structure of the measuring network taking into account the features of the controlled range and the sets of fractal isolines of any configuration with a given accuracy of reflection, which allows predicting the change in the composition of the effluent that comes to the reservoirs from the landscapes and improving the functioning of the equipment and environmental safety of water in general. The established dependence of biogas productivity on the different methods for destruction of the active sludge microorganisms allows determining that the maximum output of biogas occurs when applying the chemical destruction of part of the sludge.